1. ​Tissue/cellular injury

2. release of proinflammatory mediators

   Histamines- increase blood circulation

   cytokines- cellular proliferation

   prostaglandins- blood clotting

3. blood vessels dilate become more porous​ immune cell recruitment

4. ​blood clot forms inflammatory inhibitors released

5. ​clearance and tissue repair by macrophages

​Cellular Inflammatory Response

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The cell/tissue injury begins the internal cellular response called the arachidonic pathway. Stimulating the release of pro-inflammatory chemicals

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Inflammatory Pathway

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​Specialized lipids (hormone-like) molecules that are activated during tissue damage. It is produced by almost all cells in the body. Increase swelling and help in blood clot formation

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​NSAIDS block Prostaglandins​

​Prostaglandins

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proteins made in response to pathogens and other antigens that regulate and mediate inflammatory and immune responses​

• interferons

• interleukins (most) ​

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Proinflammatory Cytokines

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Nrf2 and antioxidant response element (ARE) regulate transcription of:

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​Interleukin 10

​TGF​-β

​Reduce inflammation and return to normal homeostasis

Anti-Inflammatories

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Innate Response

Cellular chemical (protein or sugar) tags on the cell membrane

• ​identification

  self or non-self ​

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Antigens

• ​Target, destroy, and remove potentially harmful -

  • Non-self cells

    • Pathogens (disease-causing) microorganisms

      • Viruses

      • Bacteria

      • Parasites

      • Fungi

    • Foreign cells

  • Mutated cells that cause cancer
    

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Immunity ​

• Skin and mucus membranes

• Immune cells and molecular compounds

  • most WBC's

  • Cytokines/chemokines

  • antibodies
    

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Innate Immunity

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​activated immediately (hours) after encountering the pathogen

• • Neutrophils- found in blood, they are granulocytic phagocytes

  • eosinophils- found in blood, they are granulocytic phagocytes

  • Basophils - blood cells that release histamine

  • mast cells - connective tissue cells, release histamine

  • monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells - tissues and blood, are macrophages and APCs (next slide)

  • NK cells - blood, cancer detection, and viral recognition
    

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Innate Immunity Cells

Complimentary Immunity (Bridge)

​APCs use invading pathogens antigen peptides as a flag to attract other WBCs and initiate other immune pathways.

• ​Innate to adaptive response

  • Monocytes are Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

    • Dendritic (viruses)

    • Macrophage (bacteria)

  • APCs bridge the innate to the adaptive response

    • activation of T and B cells

    • molecular components