Cell Organelles

Nucleus

• Directs cell activities
• Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane(envelope) which has openings that allow some material to enter and leave nucleus
• Contains genetic material - DNA
• Nucleolus contains RNA to help assemble proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Moves materials around in cell
• Smooth type: no ribosomes, lipid and steroid synthesis
• Rough type: contains ribosomes, the proteins made here are pinched off in vesicles which move to the Golgi

Ribosomes

• Each cell contains thousands
• Make proteins
• Found on Rough ER & floating throughout the cell
• Is not surrounded by a membrane!! Found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

​Golgi Apparatus

​• Protein 'packaging plant'
• Move materials within and out of the cell
• Processes the proteins made in the ER

Vesicles

• Small membrane bound sacs that are used to transport molecules into, out of and through the
eukaryotic cell.

​• Produces energy through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates
• Converts chemical food energy into usable energy for the cell (ATP)
• Recycles and decomposes proteins,
fats, and carbohydrates

Vacuoles

• Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal
• Contains water solution
• Help plants maintain shape

​• Outer membrane of cell that controls movement of substances in and out of the cell
• Double layer called the phospholipid bilayer
• Selectively permeable which means only certain things enter and exit the cell.

Lysosome

• Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
• Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal
• Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes

• Cytoskeleton is made up of the long, strong proteins that helps the cell keep its shape and structure. It also helps the cell divide into two cells as it reproduces.

Cytoskeleton

• Flagella are long, wavy structures that are used to move an entire cell.

• Cilia are short, hair-like structures that are used to move entire cells or substances along the outer surface of the cell.
  

FLAGELLA and CILIA

CYTOPLASM

• Gel-like mixture that protects organelles
• Stores the molecules required for cellular processes
• Surrounded by cell membrane