What is an independent clause?

What is a dependent clause?

Tell whether the following sentence is an independent or a dependent clause:

If you have made your final decision and are sure

Tell whether the following sentence is an independent or a dependent clause:

We ate lunch

Tell whether the following sentence is an independent or a dependent clause:

She took great care of the dog and its puppies

Tell whether the following sentence is an independent or a dependent clause:

After we left the party

Tell whether the following sentence is an independent or a dependent clause:

The plane took off an hour and a half late

Tell whether the following sentence is an independent or a dependent clause: Unless he can get an appointment to see the doctor

Tell whether the following sentence is an independent or a dependent clause:

I couldn't find it

Tell whether the following sentence is an independent or a dependent clause:

Don't worry about the lost package

Tell whether the following sentence is an independent or a dependent clause: Whether Julia goes to school up north or stays here

Tell whether the following sentence is an independent or a dependent clause:

Since the weather is so hot and dry in the desert

Tell whether the following sentence is an independent or a dependent clause: Although Palo missed an entire week of school this month