building blocks of rocks

Characteristics of minerals

Minerals

building blocks of rocks

Characteristics of minerals

Minerals

(rock-forming minerals)

Characteristics of minerals

Minerals

Hematite

Fe₂O₃

Characteristics:

• naturally occurring

• generally inorganic

• solid substance

• crystalline structure

• with definite chemical composition​

a consolidated aggregate of various types of minerals

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Rock

a consolidated aggregate of multiple individual pieces of the same kind of mineral​

a consolidated aggregate of various types of minerals

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Rock

a consolidated aggregate of multiple individual pieces of the same kind of mineral​

**aggregate - minerals are joined in such a way that their individual properties are retained

Rock

​vs. mineral

• naturally occurring 👍

• generally inorganic

• solid substance 👍

• crystalline structure

• with definite chemical composition​

the most common mineral group

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Most common mineral group

Silicates

contains ​oxygen and silicon atoms

Ex: quartz (SiO₂)

How do minerals form?

Formation of minerals

How do minerals form?

• presence of elements (ex: oxygen, carbon, silicon, etc.)

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Formation of minerals

How do minerals form?

• presence of elements (ex: oxygen, carbon, silicon, etc.)

• temperature

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Formation of minerals

How do minerals form?

• presence of elements (ex: oxygen, carbon, silicon, etc.)

• temperature

• pressure

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Formation of minerals

How do minerals form?

• presence of elements (ex: oxygen, carbon, silicon, etc.)

• temperature

• pressure

• presence of water, oxygen

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Formation of minerals

How do minerals form?

• presence of elements (ex: oxygen, carbon, silicon, etc.)

• temperature

• pressure

• presence of water

• ​pH

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Formation of minerals

How do minerals form?

• presence of elements (ex: oxygen, carbon, silicon, etc.)

• temperature

• pressure

• presence of water

• ​pH

• time​

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Formation of minerals

How do rocks form?

Rock cycle

Formation of rocks

Rock cycle

Formation of rocks

melting of rocks --> cooling and crystallization = igneous rocks

Rock cycle

Formation of rocks

melting of rocks --> cooling and crystallization = igneous rocks

weathering --> transport and deposition = sediments

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Rock cycle

Formation of rocks

melting of rocks --> cooling and crystallization = igneous rocks

weathering --> transport and deposition = sediments

​lithification (compaction and cementation) = sedimentary rocks

​metamorphism (heat, intense pressure) = metamorphic rock

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Interior of the Earth

Internal heat

Interior of the Earth

Sources of internal heat:

Internal heat

Interior of the Earth

Sources of internal heat:

• Primordial heat - heat from the early stages of formation of Earth

Internal heat

Interior of the Earth

Sources of internal heat:

• Primordial heat - heat from the early stages of formation of Earth

• Radioactive heat​ - heat generated by long-term radioactive decay

Internal heat

How do our use of rocks and minerals affect the systems of Earth?