6.6 - Eukaryotic Gene Regulation

many chromosomes

multicellular

nucleus

Ribosomes

specialized cells

Cytoplasm

no organelles

compartamentalization

DNA

membrane bound organelles

unicellular

trillions of cells

1 chromosome

thousands ofgenes

Cell membrane

Cell specialization is the process by which cells with identical DNA develop into distinct types with specific functions unique to the cell's niche.

acetyl group added to histone

methyl group added to histone

loosens DNA for transcription

condense DNA into chromosomes

binds DNA tightly so transcription cannot occur

proteins used to wrap DNA

condensed chromatin

allows transcription

prevents transcription

loose chromatin

UV Radiation

acetlyation

methylation

methanogen exposure

mutations

replication

histone wrapping

enzymatic digestion

proteins expressed based on the packaging of the DNA

reversible chemical modification of DNA

cells express the proteins specific to a specialized tissue

cells develop a niche depending on chemical signals from surrounding cells

responsible for cellular differentitation

operator

bending protein

DNA sequences

single DNA sequence

mediator protein

multiple DNA sequences

operon

promoter

activator protein

RNA polymerase

transcription factors

regulatory protein

Common regulatory sequences that share the same receptors, but are found in different types of cells, express different proteins.

transcripted into pre-RNA

delays enzymatic breakdown in the cytoplasm

protects mRNA from enzyme digestion by assisting in leaving nucelus

assists mRNA to bind to ribosomes

can be organized

interveining

expressed in protein

snipped out from final mRNA transcript

makes RNA more stable

Exons can be spliced together in alternative ways to produce multiple protien versions of the same RNA transcript

Introns can be spliced together in alternative ways to produce multiple protien versions of the same RNA transcript