Gilded Age

To escape the Potato Famine

To find gold in California

To join the military

To start new businesses

The Bracero program was introduced.

The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed.

Russian radicals joined labor unions in the United States.

Irish families immigrated to the United States.

Job and housing competition

Negative stereotypes of immigrants

Rise of anti-immigrant attitudes

Increased government support for immigrants

Nativism

Assimilation

Pluralism

Industrialization

Denial of labor union membership for unskilled workers

Increased nativism and anti-immigrant attitudes

Wage increases for workers in manufacturing positions

Expansion of voting rights for immigrants

Industries thrived due to more available workers.

Industries struggled without Chinese workers, and employers turned to other immigrant groups or exploited minority laborers.

Employers stopped hiring immigrants altogether.

Industries became more ethnically diverse.