Lesson Objectives

By the end of the lesson SWBAT: explain how new discoveries in astronomy changed the way people viewed the universe, understand the new scientific method and how it developed, identify the contributions that Galileo, Copernicus, Newton, and other scientists made to the Scientific Revolution.

Agenda:
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Lecture
Activity

​SS.9-12.H.1. Evaluate the context of time and place as well as structural factors that influence historical developments.

SS.9-12.H.2. Analyze change and continuity across historical eras and identify what perspectives have typically influenced how historical eras are constructed

SS.9-12.H.4. Analyze how people and institutions have interacted with environmental, scientific, technological, and societal challenges

SS.9-12.H.11. Analyze primary and secondary historical sources from multiple vantage points and perspectives to identify and explain dominant narratives and counternarratives of historical events.

Changing Views of the Universe

• 1543- Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish scholar, published On The Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

  • believes that the universe was heliocentric (sun-centered)

  • experts rejected this theory because it contradicted the Church and Ptolemy's teachings

• Late 1500s- Tycho Brahe, a Danish astronomer, provided evidence to support Copernicus theory but setting up a astronomical observatory

Copernicus Offers A New Theory

• ​Johannes Kepler- German astronomer and mathematician used Brahe's data to calculate the orbits of the planets revolving around the sun to support Copernicus's heliocentric view

• learned that planet does not move in a perfect circle like Ptolemy and Copernicus's thought but moved oval shape orbit= Ellipse

Changing Views of the Universe

The Church Rejects Galileo's Discoveries

• Galileo Galilei- used new technology to assemble an astronomical telescope

• 1st person to observe mountains on the moon

• His discoveries contradicted ancient views and was condemned by the Church because his ideas challenged the Christian teaching that heavens were fixed and perfect

• 1633: tried before Inquisition and spent rest of life under house arrest; threatened w/ death if he did not recant his "heresies". He recanted publicly in court that the Earth stood motionless at the center of the universe

• Hypothesis- an unproved theory accepted for the purposes of explaining certain facts or to provide a basis for further investigations

• 1st time- mathmaticals calculations were used to convert the observations and experiments into scientific laws

​A Step-By -Step process

• Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes- rejected Aristotle's scientific assumptions; argued truth not known in beginning but at the end after long investigation

• They challenged the medieval scholars to make the physical world fit in the teachings of the church

• Bacon stressed experimentation and observation

• Descartes emphasized human reasoning as the best road to understanding

  • Discourse on Method- decided to discard all traditional authorities and search for provable knowledge

​Revolutionary Scientific Thinkers

A New Scientific Method (careful, step-by-step process used to confirm findings and to prove or disprove a hypothesis )

• late 1600s- Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Dutch inventor, perfected the single lens microscope

  • 1st human to see cells and microorganisms such as bacteria (very little animalcules)

  • often called founder of Microbiology

The Microscope

• Medieval physicians relied on the works of Greek physician Galen (made many errors; due to limited knowledge)

• 1543: Andrea Vesalius published On the structure of the Human Body- most accurate and detailed study of human anatomy

  • his drawings corrected errors from ancient classical authorities

• Ambroise Pare, French Physician, developed an ointment for preventing infection and better ways to seal wounds in surgery; introduced use of artificial limbs

• William Harvey, English Scholar, described circulation of blood for the 1st time ; showed how heart serves as pump to force blood through veins and arteries

​Exploring Human Anatomy

Breakthroughs in Medicine and Chemistry

• Isaac Newton, student at Cambridge University in England, developed theory to explain why the planets move as they did (apple)

• developed the basis for calculus, a branch of mathematics

  • using math, showed that a single force keeps the planets in their orbits around the sun= forced gravity

• in 1687: published Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, explained law of gravity and other workings of the universe

  • all motion in the universe can be measured and described mathematically

  • link sciences of physics and astronomy with mathematics

    • Newton most influential scientists of all time

Isaac Newton Links the Sciences

• chemistry known as alchemy in medieval times

  • alchemist believed one substance could be transformed into another substance and tried to turn ordinary metal to gold

  • scientist used alchemist knowledge such as manipulation of metals and acid

• in 1600s, Robert Boyle, English chemist, explained that all matter was composed of tiny particles that behave in knowable ways

  • distinguished between individual elements and chemical compounds

  • opened way to modern chemical analysis of the composition of matter

The New Science of Chemistry

Breakthrough in Medicine and Chemistry

Primary vs Secondary sources

​Primary source: Primary sources are the most direct evidence of a time or event because they were created by people or things that were there at the time or event
*Examples: diaries, memoirs, autobiographies

Secondary Source: interprets and analyzes primary sources. These sources are one or more steps removed from the event. Secondary sources may contain pictures, quotes or graphics of primary sources.
Examples: textbooks, journal articles, encyclopedias