• External Motivation/ lack of self-direction

• Monitoring Progress

• Complex Skills

• Attention to form and meaning
  

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Difficulties with Implicit Instruction

Learners are required to speak or write
Monologic or Dialogic
Dialogic helps to scaffold student understanding
Tasks-as a work plan
Preplanning Task and Time greatly impacts output

​Output-based Tasks

Oral or written
Comprehensible for learner
Develop Comprehension Skills
Listen and Do
Premodified and Interactionally modified input
Time and allow for negotiating of meaning

Input-based Tasks

Task-Based Teaching