Form & Function of Participles

-add 'ed' to the end of a verb : played, jumped, talked

​-change the verb ending to 'n' or 'en' : flown, broken, eaten
-change the vowel sound in the verb : sing -- sung, swim -- swum

Past Participles

-add 'ing' to the end of a verb

​-remove the 'e' before adding 'ing' to verbs like type -- typing
-add an extra consonant to verbs like run -- running

Present Participles

Function of Present Participles

Sometimes present participles are used as verbs with these helping words: am, is, are, was, were.
Example: I was running on the track.

Sometimes present participles are used as nouns (things).
Example: Running is difficult.

Function of Past Participles

Sometimes past participles are used as verbs with these helping words: have, has, had, will have.
Example: I have never eaten sushi before.

Sometimes past participles are used as adjectives (describing words).
Example: We saw the crashed airplane.