​buy large numbers of components

gain discounts for buying in bulk

reduces unit cost

​own vehicles to distribute goods

transport costs will be reduced

​larger business able to raise capital more cheaply than smaller firms

lower interest rate by bank

​qualified and specialist helps to reduce their average cost

​large ships and vehicles

use flow production

specialist machine

​slow and inaccurate communication lead to lower efficiency and higher AC

​no close relationship between workers and top managers

lack of commitment and low efficiency

push up AC

​difficult to reach all parts of a large business and different groups of worker