​Vocabulary

​

• solute = what is being dissolved (Ex: Lemonade powder)

• ​solvent = what is doing the dissolving (Ex: Water)

• ​solution = the result (Ex: Lemonade)

• ​soluble = CAN dissolve in water

• ​insoluble = CANNOT dissolve in water

​How to determine solubility?

​Solubility

Solubility is determined based on a substance ability to dissolve. A substance such as sand is considered to be insoluble (-unable to dissolve) because when sand and water is mixed, the solute sand, settles at the bottom. Sugar on the other hand, when mixed in water is considered to be soluble (-capable of being dissolved) because when sugar is mixed in water it dissolves evenly amongst the solvent.​

Agitation - Recap

Stirring or agitating a solution increases the amount of solute/solvent interactions mechanically.

Increasing solute/solvent interactions increases rate of dissolution.

This is why you stir the Kool-aid when you add it to the water.

Salt water concentration

Concentration in solutions

Concentration

Concentration refers to the amount of solute dissolved in a volume of solvent.

The more solute that is dissolved in a solvent, the more concentrated the solution is.

A solution that is not very concentrated is a dilute solution.

Saturated Solution

• A saturated solution is a solution in which no more solute can dissolve.

• At the saturation point, all of the solute is dissolved, but adding more solute will leave some undissolved.

Supersaturated Solutions

• A supersaturated solution is a solution that contains more solute than a saturated solution.

• Usually, this results in undissolved material that tends to crystallize.

Solubility

The amount of solute that will dissolve in a solvent is its solubility. Solubility depends on the solvent.

Factors affecting rate of solubility

• Temperature

• Pressure

• Rate of stirring/mixing

• Size of solute particles

Separating Mixtures-Physical Means

• There are many ways to separate mixtures into their components, and what you do depends on your ultimate goal

  • Physical methods

    • Decanting

    • Centrifuging

    • Filtration

    • Evaporation​

Separating Mixtures- other methods

• Chromatography separates components of a mixture based on how quickly different molecules dissolved in a mobile phase solvent move along a solid plane

• Distillation separates mixtures based on evaporation point