• 4 valence electrons

  • allows many covalent bonds with many elements​

• These carbon compounds have many chemical properties essential to life​

• Can form chains with other carbons​

​2.3 Carbon Compounds

​Chemistry of Carbon

• Carbon to carbon bonds can be

  1. single covalent bonds

  2. double covalent bonds

  3. triple covalent bonds

• Examples?

​2.3 Carbon Compounds

​Chemistry of Carbons

​

​

Single covalent bond​

​2.3 Carbon Compounds

​Chemistry of Carbons

​

​

Double covalent bond​

​2.3 Carbon Compounds

​Chemistry of Carbons

​

​

Triple covalent bond​

​2.3 Carbon Compounds

​Chemistry of Carbons

​What elements does carbon bond with to make up life's chemicals?

Carbon can bond with many elements:

• Hydrogen

• ​Oxygen

• Phosphorous

• Sulfur

• Nitrogen​

2.3​

​Why is this important?

No other element matches carbon's versatility or the size of molecules it can form.​

2.3 ​

​Definitions:

Monomer: small chemical unit that makes up polymer; building blocks of macromolecules.

Polymer: molecules composed of many monomers; macromolecules are polymers.​

The process of forming polymers from monomers is polymerization.​

​

2.3​

​2.3 Carbon Compounds

​Macromolecules

Learning Target I: Identify the functions of the 4 groups of macromolecules

​ Success criteria:

• define the term carbohydrate

• explain the basic structure of carbohydrates

• explain how living things use carbohydrates

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​2.3 Carbon Compounds

​Macromolecules

• ​distinguish between simple sugars and complex carbohydrates

• explain how starches, cellulose, and glycogen are important to living things

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​Definition:

Carbohydrate: compound made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the body

2.3​

• Sugars

• Starch

• Cellulose

• Glycogen

​2.3

​Carbohydrates include:

​

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio​

​2.3.

​Structure of carbohydrates

​

​

​Simple Sugars

Monosaccharides ("single" sugars)

• ​glucose- "blood" sugar

• fructose- fruit sugar

• galactose- milk sugar

​Disaccharides ("double" sugars)

• Sucrose: glucose + fructose

• Lactose: glucose + galactose

• Maltose: glucose + glucose​

​

Subject | Subject

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Table Sugar

Chemical formula:

​

C₆H₁₂O₆ + C₆H₁₂O₆ → C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ + H₂O

glucose + fructose → sucrose + water

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​Sucrose

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​

Milk​ sugar

Chemical formula:

​

C₆H₁₂O₆ + C₆H₁₂O₆ → C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ + H₂O

glucose + galactose → lactose + water

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​Lactose

​

​

Starch sugar​

Chemical formula:

​

C₆H₁₂O₆ + C₆H₁₂O₆ → C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ + H₂O

glucose + glucose → maltose + water

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​Maltose

​

​

​Complex Carbohydrates

Polysaccharide: ("many" sugars)

• Glycogen

  • stored in the liver and muscle

• Starch

  • plant polysaccharide

    • ex. potato - corn starch

• Cellulose

  • polysaccharide that makes up the cell wall of plants

    • wood, paper

Subject | Subject

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Glycogen

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Starch

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Cellulose

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Cellulose