relative ​pronouns and adverbs

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​omitting relative pronouns

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​omitting RELATIVES

We can omit who, which or that if it is the object of a defining relative clause, but we cannot omit whose. This is very common in spoken English.

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That’s the moped (which / that) Pablo bought.

he is the man who called you​

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​DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

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​DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Defining relative clauses give essential information about the noun they follow. Without the relative clause, the sentence would be incomplete and would not make sense. Compare:

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That’s the writer.

That’s the writer who was on TV yesterday.​

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​DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Non-defining relative clauses give extra, non-essential information about the noun they follow. If we remove the relative clause, the sentence still makes sense. Compare:

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Festival tickets are on sale now.

Festival tickets, which cost £200, are on sale now.

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Non-defining relative clauses

We always use commas to separate the non-defining clause from the rest of the sentence.

We cannot omit the relative pronoun from a non-defining relative clause, We cannot use "that"

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My coat, which I bought last year, has never been worn

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​FORMAL AND INFORMAL STRUCTURES

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​formal and informal structures

In informal spoken English we normally put the preposition at the end of the relative clause, sometimes you can omit the pronoun:

• … the restaurant (which) we go to.       

• … the letter (that) I was looking for.

• … a subject (which) I know very little about.

• … the person (who) I obtained the information from.

in

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​formal and informal structures

In formal English we can say:

• Was that the restaurant to which we normally go?    

• Electronics is a subject about which I know very little.     

• John is the person from whom I obtained the information.

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​NOW...SOME PRACTICE

TRANSFORM THE RELATIVE SENTENCES INTO FORMAL/INFORMAL​

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