Unit 4 bonding lesson 4

If the difference in electronegativity is between:

1.8 to 4.0:  Ionic

0.4 to 1.7:  Polar Covalent

0.0 to 0.3:  Non-Polar Covalent

​A dipole moment is a measure of the polarity of a molecule.

1. Total all valence electrons

2. Determine the central atom (usually the element that there is only 1 of)

3. Draw single bonds to central atom

4. Assign remaining valence electrons as lone pairs to outer atom

5. Move electrons to create double bonds and triple bonds as needed to make all atoms "happy" (give all atoms an octet)

​H₂O

​NH₃

​F₂ O₂ N₂

​HCN^-1

​CO₂

Total all valence electrons

Determine the central atom (usually the element that there is only 1 of)

Draw single bonds to central atom

Assign remaining valence electrons as lone pairs to outer atom

Move electrons to create double bonds and triple bonds as needed to give all atoms an octet​

Draw the Lewis dot diagram of each atom

Label each atom with the # of electrons it needs to be happy

Start with the atom that needs the least and draw a line to represent the covalent bond between the 2 atoms

Continue adding bonds between the atoms until all atoms are “happy”

Move electrons to create double bonds and triple bonds as needed

1. Draw the Lewis dot diagram of each atom

2. Label each atom with the # of electrons it needs to be happy

3. Start with the atom that needs the least and draw a line to represent the covalent bond between the 2 atoms

4. Continue adding bonds between the atoms until all atoms are “happy”

5. Move electrons to create double bonds and triple bonds as needed

Some text here about the topic of discussion

Monoatomic Ions vs Polyatomic Ions

• Monoatomic ions are made up of one type of atom

  • Li^+1, Mg⁺², Cl^-1​

• Polyatomic ions have either multiple atoms and/or different types of atoms

  • ​NO₃^-1 =Nitrate

  • Follow the same rules for forming compounds as monoatomic ions

Experience Chemistry | Lesson 3.1

​Video: coordinate covalent bonds

(watch first 6 minutes, last ​3 are optional)

• Form between the cations of the metal(s).

• Orbitals overlap, electrons free to roam

• Sea of electrons

Alloys "solution of metals"