if we want to show that the action in the participle clause took place before the action in the main clause, we use the perfect participle

PERFECT PARTICIPLE

​Having brushed my teeth, I got dressed and set off for work. (After I had brushed ...)

​Having been finished in time, the bridge was opened for the public on May 27, 1937

​Built in 1937, The Golden Gate bridge is still considered probably the most beautiful bridge in the world action

​Having been explained

before, the rule did not present any difficulty

​

​​We can use HAVING V3/ed or VING with prepositions such as after, by, in, while, with, since ​

Ex : After visiting/having visited several shops, we returned to the hotel.

​Generally, the subject of the participle clause is usually the same as that of the main clause.

​

Ex: Waiting for Ellie, I made some tea.

​

​It's your turn ...

​1. The service ( schedule) for tomorrow at the church has been postponed until next week.

​2. The team( climb) the mountain set up a base camp.

​3. I finally read the book (recommend) by Dave.

​5. (See) the play, I could recommend it to my friends.

​4. I spoke to the people (sing) carols on the sidewalk.

​6. (Campaign) for office, the candidate spoke to several groups in our town.

8. Residents (advocate) social reform staged several protests.

​7. ( Whistle) pleasantly, the boy tried to remember the song.