​Review:

We have discussed:

• the different dominant approaches and ideas that are present in today’s society

• ​and how each of these approaches and ideas plays a role in the character and everyday living of the society.

​Objective:

​Examine the key concepts and ideas of Filipino thinkers in the Social Sciences rooted in Filipino

language/s and experiences:

a. 19th Century (Isabelo delos Reyes, Jose Rizal, others)

b. 20th - 21st Century (Sikolohiyang Pilipino, Pantayong Pananaw, others)

​Activity

​Instruction: Choose the correct answer in each item.

​Filipino Social Thinkers

• Jose Rizal

• ​Isabelo de los Reyes

• ​Leonardo Nieva Mercado

​Jose Rizal

​- envisioned a utopian society.

​- Rizal never wrote a book dedicated to this utopian society, but, according to Gripaldo, we can highlight six major characteristics of

this utopian society that can be seen in Rizal’s teachings:

​1. The Philippine archipelago must be united as the Filipino nation: compact, vigorous, and homogeneous

2. The people must be educated in civic virtues and enlightened

in all possible senses to be able to struggle for their rights

3. Schools of sufficient quality and quantity must be established throughout the archipelago

primarily for enlightenment and secondarily, livelihood

4. There must be a common language for the people and it must be

a native language, for instance, Tagalog

​5. The people must have freedom in speech, assembly, press, redress and enjoyment of other human rights

6. Filipinos must not only have the sentiment of nationalism but must be able to manifest it. This is the dignity of a person.

​Isabelo de los Reyes

​- a former journalist, writer, and senator of the Philippines.

​- Isabelo de los Reyes is credited to be the first Filipino socialist.

​- His view for Philippine society was a socialist one that leaned more towards the teachings of Karl Marx and the pursuit of a communist Philippine state.

​Leonardo Mercado

- One of the more recent Filipino social thinkers.

​- Mercado wrote extensively on Filipino society, ranging from a variety of topics such as religion, ethics, social involvement, politics, and many others.

​- One of the major themes of Mercado’s writings is the unique Filipino trait of inculturation.

​Sikolohiyang Pilipino

​The key concepts in Sikolohiyang Pilipino are kapuwa, pakikipagkapuwa, and the eight levels of social interactions based on pakikipagkapuwa.

​

• ​the term kapuwa is very different from its English counterparts since it connotes “unity of the self and others”. The term kapuwa recognizes shared identity. Hence, it means "an extension of the self" (Enriquez, n.d.).