Federalism

Expressed powers are those directly stated in the Constitution of the United States, such as the powers to levy and collect taxes, make war, and regulate trade among the states.

Implied powers are those reserved by the national government but not specifically listed; the source for implied powers is the elastic clause or “necessary and proper” clause (Article I, Section 8).

Inherent powers are those that the national government may exercise simply because it is the national government, such as establishment of diplomatic relations and regulation of immigration.

Taxation

Transportation

Establishment of courts

Making of laws

Ex post facto laws (making something illegal that was legal when done)

Tax on exports