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France and England

Portugal and Spain

Netherlands and Germany

Italy and Greece

It could only trade spices and textiles.

It was solely responsible for protecting Dutch merchant ships.

It could establish an army, issue currency, declare war, and sign treaties.

It was a charitable organization focused on cultural exchange.

Silk

Porcelain

Deer hide

Spices

是

否

Disputes over fishing rights.

Competition for control of the spice trade.

The Dutch imposing heavy taxes on Japanese merchants.

Religious differences and cultural clashes.

Japan increased trade with the VOC.

The VOC gained exclusive trading rights in Japan.

Japan closed its borders and prohibited its citizens from going abroad.

The VOC and Japan formed a military alliance.

To establish a new trading post in the area.

To suppress Chinese pirates who were allied with the Matou people.

To convert the Matou people to Christianity.

To acquire land for sugarcane cultivation.

By directly appointing Dutch governors to each tribe.

By establishing "local councils" to display military power and announce policies.

By forcing all indigenous people to relocate to Dutch settlements.

By forming military alliances with powerful indigenous leaders.

It led to a decrease in trade with neighboring regions.

It resulted in the widespread adoption of new farming technologies by indigenous tribes.

It necessitated the recruitment of a large number of Han Chinese agricultural laborers.

It caused the VOC to abandon its trade in deer hides.