Chi-Square Test Concepts

The row variables are less than column variables.

The row variables are greater than column variables.

The row and column variables are independent.

The row and column variables are dependent.

The row and column variables are dependent.

The row and column variables are independent.

The row variables are equal to column variables.

The row variables are not equal to column variables.

Two-tailed test

Left-tailed test

Right-tailed test

No-tailed test

The test statistic must be negative.

All observed counts must be greater than 10.

No more than 20% of the counts are less than five.

All expected counts must be less than 1.

Sum of (Observed - Expected) divided by Expected.

Sum of (Observed + Expected) squared divided by Expected.

Sum of (Expected - Observed) squared divided by Observed.

Sum of (Observed - Expected) squared divided by Expected.

Paper and pencil

Statistical software

Calculator

Excel

To validate the assumptions of the test.

To ensure the test statistic is always zero.

To make the test statistic negative.

To ensure the test is left-tailed.

To ensure the result is always positive.

To ensure the result is always negative.

To make the calculation easier.

To reduce the impact of large differences.

Number of rows plus number of columns.

Number of rows minus number of columns.

Number of rows minus one times number of columns minus one.

Number of rows times number of columns.

It determines the sample size.

It indicates the probability of observing the data if the null hypothesis is true.

It measures the strength of the test statistic.

It calculates the degrees of freedom.