Exploring the Gas Transport Mechanisms in the Respiratory System

1.5%

70%

98.5%

23%

3

2

4

1

Haldane effect

Cooperative binding

Chloride shift

Bohr effect

40 mmHg

80 mmHg

100 mmHg

20 mmHg

Increased pH

Increased PCO2

Increased BPG

Increased temperature

70%

23%

7%

98.5%

Hemoglobin

Carbonic anhydrase

Bicarbonate ionase

Chloride shiftase

Oxygen loading increases carbon dioxide unloading.

Carbon dioxide loading increases oxygen unloading.

Decreased temperature increases oxygen loading.

Increased pH increases oxygen unloading.

The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen decreases as carbon dioxide concentration increases.

The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen decreases with higher pH.

The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen increases as carbon dioxide concentration decreases.

The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen increases with higher pH.

Dissolved in plasma

Converted to bicarbonate ions

Bound to oxygen molecules

Bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin