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Safranin

Crystal violet

Gram’s iodine

Decolorizing solution

Bacillus

Coccus

Spirillum

It increases the rate of binary fission under ideal conditions.

It stores nutrients for long-term metabolism.

It protects genetic material during unfavorable conditions, allowing later germination.

It enables bacteria to photosynthesize when light is scarce.

Coccobacillus

Spiral

Spherical

Filamentous

It oscillates in population size seasonally

Its filaments exhibit characteristic oscillatory movements that may be visible in living cultures

Its pigment oscillates between blue and green

Its gene expression oscillates with the circadian rhythm

Its color patterning

Its thin nature

Presence of spores

Its motility

c and d

a and b

b and c

d and e

Both are unicellular and live only in freshwater.

Red algae are typically found in colder waters than brown algae.

Brown algae include kelps such as Laminaria and Fucus; red algae often occur in warmer seawater and may be complexly branched.

Red algae have air vesicles for buoyancy; brown algae lack them.

Brown algae cell walls are impregnated with calcium carbonate.

They contain additional pigments that mask the green color of chlorophyll.

They lack chlorophyll entirely.

They live in environments with no light.

Their chlorophyll is inactive.

chlorophyll

hemoglobin

melanin

carotene