Research Methods and Designs

Primary and Secondary

Experimental and Non-Experimental

Qualitative and Quantitative

Applied and Basic

Descriptive, Correlational, True Experimental, and Quasi-Experimental

Exploratory, Explanatory, Descriptive, and Correlational

Action, Evaluation, Experimental, and Non-Experimental

Historical, Ethnographic, Case Study, and Phenomenological

Researchers actively manipulate variables to observe effects.

It primarily seeks to establish cause-and-effect relationships.

Data is collected without introducing changes or treatments.

It involves controlled environments and random assignment.

To establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables.

To predict future outcomes based on existing data.

To describe the nature, characteristics, and components of a population or phenomenon.

To test the effectiveness of an intervention or program.

What is the relationship between hours spent studying and academic performance?

How does a new teaching method affect student engagement?

What are the factors affecting the academic performance of Senior High School students?

Does exposure to classical music improve memory recall?

To describe the characteristics of a single variable.

To investigate relationships or associations between variables.

To determine the impact of an intervention on an outcome.

To explore in-depth individual experiences.

Establishing cause-and-effect relationships

Describing a single variable in detail

Examining the relationship between two variables

Manipulating variables to observe outcomes

Both variables increase or decrease together

An increase in one variable leads to a decrease in another

Changes in one variable have no effect on the other

One variable is manipulated to observe changes in the other

It decreases

It also increases

It remains unchanged

It becomes independent

Both variables move in the same direction

One variable increases while the other decreases

A change in one variable does not necessarily affect the other

One variable causes a direct change in the other