Output Hypothesis in Second Language Acquisition

By memorizing vocabulary lists

By testing a hypothesis about comprehensibility or linguistic well-formedness

By listening to native speakers only

By reading grammar books

They both require the same strategies.

Comprehension allows learners to 'fake it,' but production requires creating linguistic form and meaning.

Production allows learners to 'fake it,' but comprehension requires creating linguistic form and meaning.

Both comprehension and production require only internalized knowledge.

Function words, prefixes, and suffixes

Content words and elements

Phonemes and syllables

Intonation patterns

The noticing/triggering function

The hypothesis-testing function

The metalinguistic function

The memorization function

Output gives rise to noticing linguistic problems.

Output is only useful for practicing pronunciation.

Output is not important in language learning.

Output should always be corrected by a teacher.

About 40%

About 10%

About 70%

About 90%

It is irrelevant to language learning

It represents the leading edge of a learner’s interlanguage and contributes to second language acquisition

It only helps with pronunciation

It is only useful for advanced learners

it is unrelated to language development.

it reflects the learner’s most advanced and creative use of language structures and forms, as they experiment and expand their interlanguage resources.

it is the only way to learn pronunciation.

it shows the learner’s ability to memorize vocabulary.

He realizes the words are unrelated.

He understands how the words are related to one another.

He forgets the meaning of the words.

He decides to ignore the teacher's hints.

Because they do not measure what actually goes on during negotiation

Because they are too difficult for students

Because they focus only on vocabulary

Because they are administered too frequently