Benzene Concepts

NH2

NO2

COCH3

SO3H

OH

CHO

CH3

OCH3

Conc. HCl

Dil. HCl

Conc. H₂SO₄

Dil. H₂SO₄

A substitution reaction in which an electrophile is substituted for the electrons in the benzene ring

A substitution reaction in which the benzene ring is attacked by a lone pair of electrons from an electrophile

A substitution reaction in which an electrophile is attacked by the electrons in the benzene ring

Ethyl Benzene

Anisole

Acetophenone

Chlorobenzene

A non-aromatic intermediate is formed

Benzene acts as an electrophile

A proton is lost in the final step

Resonance forms are important

Substitution of one of the hydrogen atoms of a benzene ring by an acyl group from an acyl chloride

Addition to the benzene ring of an alkyl group from a halogenoalkane

Addition to the benzene ring of an acyl group from an acyl chloride

An electrophilic substitution reaction

A reaction to form a C-C bond to an aromatic ring

A reaction involving a Lewis acid

Acetyl and cyano substituents are both deactivating and m-directing.

Alkyl groups are activating and o,p-directing.

Ammonium groups are m-directing but amino groups are and o,p-directing.

Chloro and methoxy substituents are both deactivating and o,p-directing.

AlCl3

CO+

Cl+

R-CO+