PSYC 1301: Conditioning

Extinction occurs when:

Emily used to feel calm when she heard rain falling outside. However, after experiencing a stressful power outage during a thunderstorm, she now feels anxious whenever it rains, even without thunder or lightning. In this case, what is the conditioned response?

Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________.

Two forms of associative learning are ____ and _____.

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n)

After being bitten by a dog, Mark developed a fear of dogs. Later, Mark began to feel anxious every time he walked past a particular park where he often saw dogs, even when no dogs were present. What psychological process explains why Mark now feels anxious in the park?

Which of the following best describes observational learning?

Sarah’s cat, Bob, didn’t react to the sound of her phone’s ringtone at first. However, after Sarah repeatedly played the ringtone right before feeding him, Bob began to come into the kitchen every time the ringtone played. The process during which Bob learned to associate the ringtone with being fed is known as:

In Watson and Rayner’s experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to fear other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________.

John trained his dog, Winstonian, to sit whenever he heard a bell by repeatedly pairing the sound of the bell with a treat. After a while, John stopped giving Winstonian treats when the bell rang, and the dog eventually stopped sitting in response to the bell. However, a few weeks later, John rang the bell again, and Winstonian suddenly sat down. What is this phenomenon called?