Tutorial 2

• toward faster and cheaper, both in computing and communications
• Both voice-oriented telecommunications networks, such as the public switched telephone network (PSTN), and data networks, including the Internet, are more “intelligent” than ever
• The Internet, the Web, and associated applications have emerged as dominant features
• trend toward ever-increasing mobility for decades, liberating workers from the confines of the physical enterprise

• Source: This device generates the data to be transmitted; examples are telephones and personal computer
• Transmitter: transmitter transforms and encodes the information in such a way as to produce electro-magnetic signals that can be transmitted across some sort of transmission system.
• Transmission system: This can be a single transmission line or a complex network connecting source and destination.
• Receiver: The receiver accepts the signal from the transmission system and converts it into a form that can be handled by the destination device.
• Destination: Takes the incoming data from the receiver

OSI Model OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection. It has 7 layers. It is low in usage. It is vertically approached. Delivery of the package is guaranteed in OSI Model. Replacement of tools and changes can easily be done in this model. It is less reliable than TCP/IP Model.

TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. It has 4 layers. It is mostly used. It is horizontally approached. Delivery of the package is not guaranteed in TCP/IP Model. Replacing the tools is not easy as it is in OSI Model. It is more reliable than OSI Model.