Operating System Concepts

Running applications

Managing hardware resources

Providing a graphical user interface

Enabling network connectivity

Kernel

Shell

Compiler

Scheduler

Handling user input

Managing I/O operations

Allocating CPU time to processes

Creating virtual machines

To switch between user mode and kernel mode

To transfer data between processes

To save and restore the state of a process

To allocate memory to processes

Round-Robin

First-Come, First-Served (FCFS)

Shortest Job Next (SJN)

Priority-based

Preemptive scheduling can run multiple processes simultaneously, while non-preemptive cannot.

Preemptive scheduling allows processes to voluntarily release the CPU, while non-preemptive does not.

Preemptive scheduling can interrupt running processes, while non-preemptive cannot.

Preemptive scheduling is used in real-time systems, while non-preemptive is used in general-purpose systems.

Monolithic kernel is more secure than a microkernel.

Microkernel is smaller and less complex than a monolithic kernel.

Monolithic kernel allows direct communication between kernel components.

Microkernel provides better performance for multitasking.

Increased RAM capacity

Faster access to secondary storage

Better security for sensitive data

The illusion of having more physical memory than actually available

A state where a process is waiting for a resource held by another process, creating a circular chain of dependencies.

A state where a process has no work to do and waits indefinitely.

A situation where multiple processes are competing for CPU time.

A state where a process is executing in kernel mode.

Running

Ready

Terminated

Stopped