WORLD HISTORY CHAPTER 19 PRACTICE

economic hardship.

peace and stability.

religious persecution.

cultural decline.

the Danube Valley.

the Bosporus and the Dardanelles.

Italy.

the Hungarian plain.

stabilized the Egyptian empire.

encouraged strife among the peasants.

led to struggles over succession.

formed the basis of democracy in the Ottoman Empire

Sunnis.

Catholics.

Shias.

pacifists.

a little better than in other Muslim societies.

equal to that of women in Western societies.

determined by the sultan’s grand vizier.

just below the peasant class.

did not know Western languages and customs.

restricted intellectual and religious expression.

did not produce goods that were needed overseas.

were hemmed in by rivals on two sides.

age.

occupation.

gender.

religion.

male and female

Persian and Indian

Muslim and Hindu

secular and religious

opened new trading routes to the West.

forged alliances with French companies.

took control of Indian trade.

offended their powerful Indian allies.

a flowering of the arts.

prolonged war and famine.

a return to strict Sunni Islam.

attacks from neighboring countries