Usul Tafsir

Terminology:

Faraidh is the study of the categories of inheritance, their prescribed portion, and the laws governing their distribution.

The primary focus is interpreting the specific verses (4:11, 4:12, and 4:176) to determine:
- who inherits
- how much they inherit
- and who is excluded

Asbabun nuzul

“These are the limits set by Allah. Whoever obeys Allah and His Messenger will be admitted into Gardens under which rivers flow, abiding eternally therein; and that is the great attainment!"

[ Surah An-Nisaa’ 4:13 ]

Faraidh is an integral part of Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh), specifically dealing with family and property law.

يَسْتَفْتُونَكَ قُلِ ٱللَّهُ يُفْتِيكُمْ فِى ٱلْكَلَـٰلَةِ ۚ إِنِ ٱمْرُؤٌا۟ هَلَكَ لَيْسَ لَهُۥ وَلَدٌۭ وَلَهُۥٓ أُخْتٌۭ فَلَهَا نِصْفُ مَا تَرَكَ ۚ وَهُوَ يَرِثُهَآ إِن لَّمْ يَكُن لَّهَا وَلَدٌۭ ۚ فَإِن كَانَتَا ٱثْنَتَيْنِ فَلَهُمَا ٱلثُّلُثَانِ مِمَّا تَرَكَ ۚ وَإِن كَانُوٓا۟ إِخْوَةًۭ رِّجَالًۭا وَنِسَآءًۭ فَلِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ ٱلْأُنثَيَيْنِ ۗ يُبَيِّنُ ٱللَّهُ لَكُمْ أَن تَضِلُّوا۟ ۗ وَٱللَّهُ بِكُلِّ شَىْءٍ عَلِيمٌۢ

"They ask you ˹for a ruling, O Prophet˺. Say, “Allah gives you a ruling regarding those who die without children or parents.” If a man dies childless and leaves behind a sister, she will inherit one-half of his estate, whereas her brother will inherit all of her estate if she dies childless. If this person leaves behind two sisters, they together will inherit two-thirds of the estate. But if the deceased leaves male and female siblings, a male’s share will be equal to that of two females. Allah makes ˹this˺ clear to you so you do not go astray. And Allah has ˹perfect˺ knowledge of all things."

[ Surah An-Nisaa' : 176 ]

• Dalil from Al-Qur'an (Surah An-Nisaa'); using Tafsir bil-Ma’thuur i.e. interpretation of Quran by Quran or by Sunnah, to define terms like "kalaalah" (a person with no direct descendants or ascendants)

• Dalil from authentic Hadiths eg. maximum 1/3 wasiyyah

• Eligible heirs

• Fixed shares (فروض)

• Residuaries ('asabah)

• Hajb (exclusion)

• 'Awl and Radd

• Eligible heirs

• Fixed shares (فروض)

• Residuaries (‘aṣabah)

• Hajb (exclusion)

• 'Awl and Radd