Virulence

It helps in developing vaccines and treatments

It only affects non-infectious diseases

It is not related to disease transmission

It is only important for plant diseases

The ability of a microbe to cause disease

The degree or extent of disease a pathogen causes

Mechanisms pathogens use to overcome host defenses

The balance of normal microbiota

Directly damaging host cells

Provoking dangerous immune responses

Increasing the host's immune fitness

Balancing normal microbiota

are determined solely by the microbe.

are determined solely by the host.

are fixed and unchanging.

has lost virulence factors needed to cause disease in an immune competent host.

has recently acquired virulence factors allowing it to jump species.

is part of the normal human microbiome.

has become antibiotic-resistant

The number of cells or virions needed to establish an infection in 50% of exposed hosts

The amount of toxin required to kill 50% of exposed hosts

The number of pathogens needed to cause symptoms in all exposed hosts

The amount of time it takes for a pathogen to infect a host

Species affected, host's immune fitness, route of exposure

Type of pathogen, temperature, humidity

Age of the host, diet, exercise

Time of day, season, weather

Lipid A of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Peptidoglycan

Teichoic acid

Flagellin

Septic shock

Allergic reaction

Fever only

No effect

Neurotoxins

Enterotoxins

Hepatotoxins

Nephrotoxins

They are membrane-acting extracellular toxins.

They bind to target via receptors on the surface.

They directly kill bacteria.

They evoke changes in gene expression.

They help determine the effectiveness of vaccines.

They indicate the nutritional needs of pathogens.

They show the genetic makeup of microbes.

They predict the weather patterns during outbreaks.

Type I exotoxin: Binds to the targeted host cell at a membrane receptor but does not enter the cell

Type II exotoxin: Disrupts and damages the host cell membrane leading to cell lysis

Type III exotoxin: Binds to a membrane receptor then enters the cell

Toxemia: A toxin produced during a viral infection

Answer:  E