AP Bio-Chapter 10

that this makes it easier for O₂ to exit the chloroplast.

that the hydrogen ions released can contribute to the H⁺ electrochemical gradient being generated.

to reduce the concentration of O₂ in the stroma so that organic matter located there is not oxidized.

that the concentration of water in this space is high, making it easier to form O₂ from the water.

make use of a proton electrochemical gradient to drive the formation of ATP.

force the oxidation of oxygen in water to oxygen gas.

donate an electron to plastoquinone (Pq).

absorb light energy to power redox reactions.

force the reduction of NADP⁺ to NADPH.

Light-induced reduction of the primary electron acceptor in the reaction center of PS II.

While being split, electrons are taken out of water.

Donation of electrons from reduced Pq to the cytochrome complex.

Acceptance of electrons by Pc from the cytochrome complex.

Pq gets electrons from the reduced primary electron acceptor of PS II.

1

2

3

6

Oxidation. Adding a carbon dioxide makes the products more oxidized.

Reduction. Adding the hydrogens from the water results in a more reduced condition.

Reduction. The carbon in the carbon dioxide has been slightly reduced.

Neither. There is no change in the total C-O and C-H bonds between the products and reactants.

Oxidation. The RuBP acts as oxidizing agent in this reaction.

PS I

outer membrane

NADPH

PEP carboxylase

Oxygen gas is produced--the thylakoid space.

Activated chlorophyll donates an electron--the thylakoid membranes.

NADPH is oxidized to NADP⁺--the stroma.

ATP is produced--the intermembrane space.

Rubisco catalyzes carbon fixation--the stroma.

does not produce any oxygen gas.

actively pumps oxygen gas away from the cells that contain rubisco.

avoids the use of rubisco entirely; instead, it uses PEP carboxylase to catalyze all carbon fixation.

keeps its stomata more open so that more CO₂ can enter the plant.

carries out the Calvin cycle only in the chloroplasts of bundle-sheath cells.

temporarily fixed in phloem cells and later permanently fixed in the bundle-sheath cells.

mainly obtained from oxidative respiratory processes.

temporarily fixed at night and later permanently fixed during the day.

fixed into organic matter just by the action of the enzyme rubisco.

brought up to the leaves through air spaces in the stem so that the stomata of the leaves can be kept shut to prevent water loss.

ATP synthase

proton gradient

photorespiration

photophosphorylation

none of the above

land plants

multicellular algae

single-celled algae

cyanobacteria

purple sulfur bacteria