Writing Strategies

A short story is a concise narrative that centres on a single significant event, character, or moment. It generally comprises:

• A short introduction that establishes the setting and presents the characters.

• An emerging conflict or pivotal moment that propels the narrative ahead.

• A conclusion, frequently featuring a twist, insight, or emotional effect

The writing must be vivid and exact, including sensory descriptions and imagery to create a particular atmosphere..

Dialogue is frequently used to showcase character and progress the story.

At C1 level, a short story should:

• Maintain a consistent narrative voice

• Show rather than tell, using subtle description instead of explanation

• Use a range of expressive vocabulary and cohesive devices to guide the reader smoothly through the events

An opinion essay presents the writer’s clear, well-supported point of view on a specific issue. It typically includes:

• An introduction that states the topic and your overall opinion

• Body paragraphs that develop your viewpoint with reasons, evidence, and examples

• A conclusion that summarises your position and reinforces your main message

The tone should be formal, balanced, and logically structured.

At C1 level, writers should:

• Use a wide range of linkers (e.g., moreover, nevertheless, in contrast)

• Support ideas with relevant arguments and convincing examples

• Maintain a clear, coherent line of reasoning throughout the essay

• Avoid overly emotional language, focusing instead on measured, persuasive justification

A for-and-against essay presents both sides of an issue before the writer gives (or clearly implies) a final balanced view. It normally includes:

• An introduction that outlines the topic without stating a strong personal opinion

• One or two paragraphs explaining arguments for the issue

• One or two paragraphs explaining arguments against the issue

• A conclusion that summarises both sides and may offer a reasoned final stance

The tone should be formal, objective, and balanced, avoiding personal language in the body paragraphs.

At C1 level, writers should:

• Use a wide range of neutral connectors (e.g., on the one hand / on the other hand, whereas, nevertheless)

• Present arguments clearly and logically, supporting them with realistic examples

• Maintain cohesion and balance, giving similar attention to both sides

• Avoid overly strong emotional statements and stick to measured, analytical language

By sramaro sramaro@gmail.com