Population Structure

Sex Ratio Imbalance

Variable Reproductive Contribution

All of the above

Delta F increases with Ne

Delta F decreases with Ne

Delta F remains constant with Ne

Delta F is unrelated to Ne

Loss of 2% to 7%

Increase of 10%

No impact

Increase of 5%

4×Nm×Nf/(Nm + Nf)

1/(2×Ne)

1 - F

ΔF

Isolated herds have higher genetic diversity

Connected herds have lower genetic diversity

Connected herds have higher genetic diversity

Isolated herds have lower genetic diversity