Ch.12 Middle Ages Section 4 Crusades

• To Christians, places associated with the life

and death of Jesus were sacred or holy

• Many European Christians believed these

sacred places had healing and divine
powers so they made pilgrimages (journeys
to sacred places) to the Holy Land
(Jerusalem and other special sites in the
Middle East)

JERUSALEM IS A HOLY AND IMPORTANT CITY FOR
CHRISTIANS, JEWS, AND MUSLIMS. FOR MUSLIMS, IT HAS
SPECIAL SIGNIFICANCE SINCE IT IS WHERE MUHAMMAD
ASCENDED (ROSE UP) INTO HEAVEN.

• In 1071, the Seljuk Turks (a Muslim

dynasty who ruled part of Central
Asia and the Middle East) invaded
the Byzantine Empire, captured
Jerusalem, destroyed sacred
Christian places, and persecuted the
Christian pilgrims

• Byzantine Emperor Alexius I asked

Pope Urban II for help and in 1095,
Pope Urban II called for a crusade to
rescue the Holy Land from the Turks

A Little Background (watch first 3 segments to 3:35)

1096-1099

CONSTANTINOPLE

ANTIOCH

JERUSALEM

•

• Between 1096 -1097, Crusaders traveled from

Constantinople to Turkish occupied Antioch

•

1096 -1097

CONSTANTINOPLE

ANTIOCH

JERUSALEM

•

• In 1098, the Crusaders defeated the Turks in

Antioch

•

1096 -1097

1097 -1098

1096-1099

CONSTANTINOPLE

ANTIOCH

JERUSALEM

•

• In 1099, the Crusaders traveled to Turkish

occupied Jerusalem

•

1096 -1097

1097 -1098

1099

•

1096-1099

CONSTANTINOPLE

ANTIOCH

JERUSALEM

•

• In July 1099, the Crusaders breached the city

walls and massacred the city’s inhabitants as
they gained control over Jerusalem

•

1096 -1097

1097 -1098

1099
•

1096-1099

CONSTANTINOPLE

ANTIOCH

JERUSALEM

•

•

1096 -1097

1097 -1098

1099

RESULT OF 1ST CRUSADE:
• Crusaders gained control

over the Holy Land and the
territory was divided into
small regions called
Crusader States

1st Crusade (watch 4th segment from 3:35 to 7:02)

1096-1099

1147-1149

• Crusaders tried to defeat

Muslims in Asia Minor,
but failed

• In 1187, Muslim ruler

Saladin seized control of
Jerusalem

2nd Crusade (watch 5th segment from 7:02 to 7:42)

1187-1192

• Leaders Richard the Lionheart

(King of England), Philip
Augustus (King of France),
and Frederick Barbarossa
(Holy Roman Emperor) failed
to regain control over
Jerusalem, but King Richard
negotiated a 3 year truce to
allow Pilgrims to visit
Jerusalem
3rd Crusade (watch 6th segment from 7:42 to 9:00)

NOTE: Crusade organizers did not name their efforts
1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc. These are designations created
by historians and different historians sometimes use
different numbers to refer to the same Crusade.

• 4TH CRUSADE (1202-1204) - Organizers wanted to

attack Muslims in Egypt, but Crusaders
motivated by greed, instead captured the
Christian cities of Zara and Constantinople,
seriously weakening the Byzantine Empire

• 5TH CRUSADE (1218-1221) - Crusaders attacked

Muslims in Egypt with hopes of moving on to
recapture Jerusalem, but the Crusade failed

• 6TH CRUSADE (1228-1229) - A

peace treaty gave control of
Jerusalem to the Crusaders for ten
years, Muslims regained control
afterwards

• 7th CRUSADE (1248-1254) - Louis IX of France

organized a Crusade to conqueror Egypt, but it
failed when he was captured and France had to
pay a ransom for his release

• 8th CRUSADE (1270) - Louis IX and Prince Edward

of England led the Crusade, but when Louis IX
died, the Crusade fell apart and failed

Later Crusades (watch 7th segment from 9:00 to 10:50

Christians
were
ousted from
the Holy
Land

Popes and
monarchs grew
more powerful

Crusaders needed funds to
travel to the Holy Land which
resulted in the growth of a
money economy (people
needed money buy things
instead of trading for goods)

As Crusaders brought back goods
like silk and cotton; spices and
sugar; lemons and apricots; perfume
and mirrors from the Middle East,
demand for these items increased
and a thriving economy began to
develop

Europeans began to realize that
there was a whole world outside of
Europe as Arab mathematical,
scientific, and medical knowledge
along with Arab art and architecture
spread into Western Europe

Effects (watch 8th segment from 10:50 to 11:53)

• The Reconquista (Spanish for

reconquest) took place in Spain
during the 700s -1400s

• It was the movement to drive

Muslims from Spain and place
Spain under the control of
Christian monarchs

Isabella

(ruled from 1469-1504)

Ferdinand II

(ruled from 1469-1516)

• The marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand II in 1469

united two Catholic (Christian) Spanish kingdoms
and ended the Reconquista

Reconquista

• The Spanish Inquisition (1478-1834) was a brutal

movement against non-Catholics (particularly Jews
and Muslims) launched by Isabella and Ferdinand II
in an attempt to bring religious unity to Spain

• During its existence, many people were killed

(estimates range from 1000 to 30,000 people killed)
and hundreds of thousands were forced to leave
Spain
Spanish Inquisition