All signaling systems generally have ligands, receptors, and the three stages of reception, transduction, and response. The differences in the systems are illustrated through signaling diagrams.

Like respiration, this could be worse.

On the next page you will see an interactive that shows what a cell's membrane-area looks like in actuality.

Suggested pathways to select using the upper lefthand corner
Endocytosis
Insulin Receptor Signaling

Click at least one protein and see how much information has been documented. Scan for words you are familiar with!

​A person can get a PhD just studying one section of one of these pathways. I'm not kidding. Here's the notification I got the other day from a school I did research at.

We will convert phrases into arrow notation.

For multi-step pathways, simplify the into the overall result

Understanding pathway diagrams

Just like math class, a negative times a negative = a positive

Inhibition x inhibition = activation