-Typical temperatures range from 21 °C in summer to -54 °C in winter.

​​Temperature

-Seasons are divided into short, moist, and moderately warm summers and long, cold, and dry winters. The length of the growing season in boreal forests is 130 days. Temperatures are very low. Precipitation is primarily in the form of snow, 40-100 cm annually.

Precipitation

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Climatogram

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Latitude or angle of Insolation

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-**Latitude**: The boreal forest in North America generally spans from about **50° N to 70° N**.

-This means it is located in the northern part of the continent, takes over areas in Canada and parts of Alaska.

 **Longitude**: The longitudinal range is quite broad, roughly between **60° W and 140° W*

glistening lakes, streams, rivers and wetlands are part of their water in the ocean. The Boreal Forest in Canada has more surface freshwater than any other ecosystem on the planet. These waters nourish a continent-wide landscape of plants, animals and communities.

Water - Major Ocean

dispersal, composition, productivity, and longevity (Hytteborn et a!., 1987; White and Picket.

the flammability of fuel and spread of forest fires.

Impacts

Wind influences every facet of the  forestests  growth and yield, including floristic diversity,

Wind also affects distribution of insects and pathogens, DeMars and Hain, and the dispersion and deposition patterns of moisture and air pollutants.

Prevailing Wind

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Proximity to Coastline

The boreal forest region ranges in elevation from about 150 m, near the Alberta-Northwest Territories border, to over 1,100 m near the Alberta-British Columbia border

-Topography of boreal forests ranges widely from gently sloping on lakeplain systems to steep topography on high dune fields.

Topography/Altitude

Major Plant Adaptations & Example species

-The slender, conical shapes of many boreal forest trees help them to shed snow. Most boreal forest trees have relatively shallow root systems, taking advantage of the thin layer of unfrozen soil. Black spruce trees can grow in soil only 20 inches deep!

-Some animals live in and are active in the boreal forest year-round, with some growing thick coats of fur, or layers of fat to protect themselves from the cold. Other animals will migrate south in the winter towards warmer weather and then return further north in the summer months.

-Canada lynx's wide paws work like snowshoes.

Major Animal Adaptations & Example Species