Cellular respiration and photosynthesis

Stroma

Thylakoid membrane

Grana

Cytosol

During the light-dependent reactions, carbon fixation occurs

The light-dependent reactions occur in the stroma of choloroplasts

Light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH

ATP and NADPH are used to make carbohydrates

a pigment which captures light energy

a membrane protein used to transport electrons

an enzyme which catalyzes carbon fixation

a simple glucose monomer produced in the calvin cycle

Rubisco enzyme

Glucose

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

The enzymes involved in the Calvin cycle are unable to bind substrates in the dark.

Sunlight is important in activating carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle.

The Calvin cycle requires ATP and NADPH, which require sunlight to be produced.

RuBP regeneration requires sunlight in order to occur and continue the Calvin cycle.

Cellular respiration

Synthesis of other organic compounds

Osmosis

Stored as starch for later

Photosynthesis

Light intensity  

Temperature 

Carbon dioxide concentration 

Oxygen concentration

Chemical reactions produce oxygen, ATP, and NADPH

ATP and NADPH are used to fix inorganic carbon

Chlorophylls absorb light energy, which eventually breaks the bonds of water molecules

make water

make ATP

make glucose

make oxygen

6CO₂ + 6H₂O ⟶ C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ + ATP

6O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆ ⟶ 6H₂O + 6CO₂ + ATP

C₆H₁₂O₆  + 6H₂O ⟶ 6CO₂ + 6O₂ + ATP

6O₂ + 6H₂O ⟶ C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6CO₂ + ATP

2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate

4 ATP, 1 NADH, 2 pyruvate

4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 4 pyruvate

2 ATP, 1 NADH, and 1 pyruvate

Cytoplasm

Mitochondria

Chloroplast

Nucleus

Glycolysis can occur without the presence of oxygen

Glycolysis takes place in the mitochondria of a cell

Glycolysis is the final step in aerobic respiration

Glycolysis produces a net of 1 ATP, 1 NADH, and 2 pyruvate

Carbon dioxide

Acetyl-CoA

NADH

Glucose

Cytosol

Matrix of the mitochondria

Cristae of mitochondria

Outer membrane of mitochondria

NAD+ and FAD

NADH and FADH2

NAD+ and FADH2

NADH and FAD

Cytosol

Matrix of the mitochondria

Cristae of mitochondria

Outer membrane of mitochondria

The movement of H+ ions across the inner membrane of the mitochondria drives the transfer of electrons down the ETC.

The movement of electrons down the ETC drives the formation of a H+ gradient.

The movement of H+ ions through ATP synthase drives the transfer of electrons down the ETC.

The movement of electrons down the ETC drives the movement of ADP and phosphate through ATP synthase.

The energy from a proton gradient is used to make ATP

Chemiosmosis regenerates electron carriers like NADH and FADH2

ATP synthesis creates a proton gradient that causes electron flow through an electron transport chain (ETC).

A temperature gradient drives ATP synthesis.

NAD carries the oxygen needed to break down the glucose molecules into the cell.

NAD is used to directly break apart the glucose molecules.

NAD carries and transfers electrons and H+ ions.

NAD carries excess carbon dioxide out of the cell.

Glycolysis

Krebs cycle

Electron transfer chain

anaerobic respiration

Lactic acid fermentation

Photosynthesis

Ethanol fermentation

Krebs cycle