Reproduction and Integumentary

Introduction to the Reproductive

System

Section 13.11: The Reproductive System

⚫
Reproduction occurs in all species.

⚫
Most animals require a male and female, each with their own special cells that unite to reproduce.

⚫
The male and female reproductive systems have several characteristics in common.

Introduction to the Reproductive

System

⚫

Gonads (endocrine glands) or sex glands

? male are called testes, and they produce sperm.

? female they are called ovaries, and they produce

ova.

The Female Reproductive System

Section 13.11: The Reproductive System

The main function of the female reproductive
system is to produce the ovum for fertilization and to house a developing fetus.

⚫Reproduction occurs when the male and female sex cells unite within the female.

⚫After the union of these cells, the fertilized egg
divides and grows for 9 months or 40 weeks and develops into a new individual.

The Female Reproductive System,

continued

Section 13.11: The Reproductive System

⚫
Female gonads, the ovaries, are small oval-shaped structures that produce the female sex cells or ova and the hormone called estrogen.

⚫ Fallopian tubes are muscular tubes about five inches long.

⚫Once inside the tube, the ovum is swept forward by small cilia and by peristalsis.

⚫ The uterus, a pear-shaped organ, is attached to the

fallopian tubes.

⚫ The vagina is a muscular tube that houses the neck of

the uterus or cervix.

The Male Reproductive System,

continued

Section 13.11: The Reproductive System

⚫Male gonads or testes are found outside the body, between the legs, in a sac called the scrotum.

⚫The epididymis is a 20-foot-long tube that is coiled inside the scrotal sac. Sperm are stored here until they mature and are able to move by themselves.

⚫ The vas deferens, the spermatic cord, extends through

the abdominal wall and curves over and behind the urinary bladder.

⚫ Seminal vesicles are outpouchings at the end of the

vas deferens.

The Male Reproductive System,

continued

Section 13.11: The Reproductive System

⚫
The prostate gland, located just below the urinary bladder, produces a secretion that maintains mobility of sperm.

⚫
The urethra is a small passage for urine and sperm, and leads from the urinary bladder through the prostate gland and the penis to the outside of the body.

SECTION

The Integumentary
System

13.12

Section 13.12: The Integumentary System

Introduction to the Integumentary

System

Section 13.12: The Integumentary System

⚫
The skin is the body’s largest organ

⚫
first line of defense against infection.

⚫
It contains several kinds of tissue

⚫
epithelial

⚫
connective

⚫
nerve tissues.

⚫
This comprises skin, hair, and nails. It also contains sweat
and oil glands.

⚫
The combination of these tissues and glands works together as the integumentary system.

Introduction to the Integumentary

System, continued

Section 13.12: The Integumentary System

The main functions of the skin are to:

Protect the underlying body parts from injury and the invasion of pathogens

Regulate body temperature by controlling the loss of body heat

Eliminate wastes through perspiration

Store energy in the form of fat and vitamins

Sense touch, heat, cold, pain, and pressure through receptors

Produce vitamin D

Introduction to the Integumentary

System, continued

Section 13.12: The Integumentary System

Structure of the Skin

Section 13.12: The Integumentary System

Skin is made up of three main layers:

⚫

The epidermis is the outermost layer and has no blood vessels. These cells are constantly sloughed off.

New cells are continually forming to replace those

lost from the epidermis.

⚫

The dermisis just beneath the epidermis and contains many blood vessels.

⚫

Subcutaneousmeans “under the skin,” and this layer
connects the skin to muscle.

Structure of the Skin, continued

Section 13.12: The Integumentary System

⚫
The integumentary system also includes hair, nails,
and cutaneous glands.

⚫
Hair is an outgrowth of protein; it projects from the
epidermis, though it grows from hair follicles deep in
the dermis.

⚫
Nails, which are made of a tough protein called
keratin, are produced from living skin cells in the
fingers and toes.