G9: 5:The internet and its uses
Presentation
•
Computers
•
8th Grade
•
Practice Problem
•
Easy
Soleha Majeed
Used 7+ times
FREE Resource
349 Slides • 151 Questions
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Trojan Horse Example
A user downloads what appears to be a free game, utility or antivirus program. The program looks legitimate but contains malicious code. When the user runs it, the malicious code can carry out unauthorised actions. Trojan horses can arrive through email attachments, downloads or infected websites.
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Your device connects to the Internet
Your browser contacts a web server
The server sends information back
Your browser interprets the information
The webpage appears on your screen
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Are the Internet and the World Wide Web the same thing?
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The WWW is one service that uses the Internet.
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Multiple Choice
Which statement is correct?
The Internet and WWW are exactly the same thing.
The WWW is a part/service that uses the Internet.
The Internet is a website.
The WWW is a type of computer.
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What is the Internet?
The Internet is a worldwide collection of interconnected networks and devices.
The word Internet comes from:
INTERconnected NETwork
It connects:
Computers
Smartphones
Servers
Tablets
Routers
Other network devices
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The Internet is a global network of interconnected networks.
Real-life example
Think of the Internet like a worldwide road network.
Roads connect cities.
Different roads connect to other roads.
Vehicles travel between different locations.
Similarly:
Networks connect to other networks.
Devices communicate across these networks.
Data travels between devices.
Simple definition
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The Internet is not a single computer and not a single physical object.
It is a huge system made up of many interconnected networks.
Internet is not tangible (that is, something we can touch)You can touch the physical equipment used to connect to the Internet, but the Internet itself is the overall interconnected system.
In short:
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Multiple Choice
What is the best definition of the Internet?
A collection of web pages
A software application
A worldwide collection of interconnected networks
A web browser
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The Internet supports many different services.
Examples
Send and receive messages.
💬 Online communication
Text, audio and video communication.
🎮 Online gaming
Play with people around the world.
What does the Internet allow us to do?
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More Examples
☁️ Cloud servicesStore and access files online.
💳 Online banking
Access banking services.
🛒 Online shopping
Buy products and services.
🌐 World Wide Web
Access websites and web pages.
What does the Internet allow us to do?
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Important!
The WWW is not the only thing that uses the Internet.
A student can use the Internet to send an email without necessarily using the WWW.Online games also use the Internet.
Video calls use the Internet.
Therefore:
Internet → supports many services
WWW → one of those services
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Multiple Choice
Which of the following is NOT necessarily the World Wide Web itself?
A website
A web page
An online video call
A collection of linked web pages
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What is the World Wide Web?
The World Wide Web is a collection of information and resources that can be accessed using the Internet.
It includes:
Web pages
Websites
Images
Videos
Audio
Hyperlinks
Other multimedia content
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What is the World Wide Web?
Users normally access the WWW using a:
🌐 Web Browser
Examples:
Google Chrome
Microsoft Edge
Mozilla Firefox
Safari
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What is the World Wide Web?
Simple definition
The WWW is a service on the Internet that allows users to access linked information and multimedia through web browsers.
Real-life example
When you open: www.wikipedia.org
you are using the World Wide Web.
The connection to Wikipedia uses the Internet.
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WWW vs Internet
Internet = infrastructure/network
WWW = information/service accessed through that network
Don't think of the WWW as physically separate from the Internet. Instead, the WWW operates using Internet infrastructure.
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Multiple Choice
Which statement best describes the World Wide Web?
It is the same as the Internet.
It is a collection/service of linked web resources accessed through the Internet.
It is a type of router.
It is a physical cable.
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Internet vs World Wide Web
Internet | World Wide Web |
|---|---|
Worldwide interconnected networks | Collection of web pages/resources |
Infrastructure/network | Service using the Internet |
Supports many services | Mainly provides access to websites/web resources |
Uses protocols such as TCP/IP | Uses web protocols such as HTTP/HTTPS |
Supports email, gaming, messaging, etc. | Accessed using web browsers |
Much broader | Part/service of the Internet |
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Internet vs World Wide Web
Easy way to remember
Internet = the network
WWW = websites/web resources using the network
Analogy
🏙️ Internet = entire transportation system
🛣️ WWW = one service operating on that system
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Fill in the Blanks
"The WWW is a
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The Browser: Your Gateway to the Web
What is a Web Browser?
A web browser is software used to access and display web pages.
Examples:
🌐 Chrome
🌐 Edge
🌐 Firefox
🌐 Safari
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The Browser: Your Gateway to the Web
What does a browser do?
User enters a URL.
Browser sends a request.
Web server responds.
Browser receives web resources.
Browser interprets HTML and other resources.
Browser displays the webpage.
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The Browser: Your Gateway to the Web
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Multiple Choice
Is the browser and search engine the same thing?
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The Browser: Your Gateway to the Web
Browser ≠ Search engine
Chrome = browser
Google = search engine
Google Search can be used inside a browser.
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Multiple Choice
Which statement is true?
The WWW and Internet are identical.
The Internet only contains websites.
The WWW uses the Internet to access web resources.
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In your registers:
1st put the main heading "Unit 5: The internet and its uses"
Sub heading: "the internet and the World Wide Web (WWW)"
Write answers to the questions below:
1. What is the Internet?
2. What is the WWW?
3. Give TWO differences between them.
4. What is a web browser?
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Multiple Choice
What is the main purpose of a web browser?
To manufacture websites
To access and display web resources
. To connect electrical cables
To replace the Internet
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How does a webpage reach your screen?
Suppose you type:
Step 1
Your browser processes the address.
⬇️
Step 2
Your device communicates across the Internet.
⬇️
Step 3
A request reaches the appropriate web server.
⬇️
Step 4
The server sends webpage resources back.
⬇️
Step 5
Your browser processes the resources.
⬇️
Step 6
The webpage appears on your screen.
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How does a webpage reach your screen?
Real-life analogy
📱 You: "Please send me the menu."
🏪 Restaurant server: "Here is the menu."
🌐 Browser: requests webpage
🖥️ Web server: sends webpage data
The important conceptual chain is: Browser → Internet → Web server → Internet → Browser
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Multiple Choice
Where is a website's webpage content generally stored before it is sent to users?
Only inside the user's keyboard
On a web server
On a web server
Inside the monitor
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"If I tell you 'go to a specific house' but don't give you an address, can you find it?"
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Probably not.
Similarly, a browser needs an address to locate a web resource.
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What is a URL?
URL = Uniform Resource Locator
A URL is the address used to locate a resource on the Web.
Think of it like a digital address.
Real-life analogy
A house has:
Country → City → Street → House number
A web resource has:
Protocol → Website/domain → Path → File/resource
Example
https://www.example.com/students/results.html
A URL tells the browser where and how to access a resource.
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Multiple Choice
What does URL stand for?
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Anatomy of a URL
The URL contains different parts:
https://
→ Protocol
www
→ Host/subdomain component
example
→ Domain name
.com
→ Domain type / top-level domain
/school/
→ Path
results.html
→ File/resource name
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Anatomy of a URL
General format
protocol://website address/path/file name
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Anatomy of a URL
General format
protocol://website address/path/file name
www is not always present.
A path is not always present.
A file name is not always explicitly visible.
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Multiple Choice
Protocol
Domain type/top-level domain
File name
Path
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The Protocol in a URL
What is a protocol?
A protocol is a set of rules that devices follow when communicating.
Think of it as a set of communication rules.
For web addresses, you may see:
http://
or
https://
Example
https://example.com
The protocol tells the browser how communication should take place.
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The Protocol in a URL
Real-life analogy
Imagine two people communicating.
They need to agree on:
What language to use
How to start the conversation
How to respond
How to end the conversation
A computer network also needs agreed rules.
Those rules are called protocols.
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The Protocol in a URL
A protocol isn't a physical object.
It is a set of rules/standards.
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Multiple Choice
What is a protocol?
A physical network cable
A set of rules for communication
A type of website
A web browser
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The Protocol in a URL
Real-life analogy
Imagine two people communicating.
They need to agree on:
What language to use
How to start the conversation
How to respond
How to end the conversation
A computer network also needs agreed rules.
Those rules are called protocols.
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HTTP
HTTP = Hypertext Transfer Protocol
HTTP is a set of rules used for transferring web resources between clients and web servers.
Simple example
You enter:
Your browser can send a request to the web server.
The server sends the requested web resources back.
HTTP is used for communication between:
Web browser ↔ Web server
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HTTP
HTTP = Hypertext Transfer Protocol
HTTP is a set of rules used for transferring web resources between clients and web servers.
Simple example
You enter:
Your browser can send a request to the web server.
The server sends the requested web resources back.
HTTP is used for communication between:
Web browser ↔ Web server
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HTTP
👩💻 Browser:
"Please send me this webpage."
🖥️ Server:
"Here is the requested information."
HTTP defines rules for this communication.
Do not tell students that HTTP itself is "the Internet." It is a protocol used for web communication over networks.
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Multiple Choice
What does HTTP stand for?
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HTTP and HTML: Don't confuse them!
Students often confuse these two:
HTML
HyperText Markup Language
Used to structure web pages.
Example:
Headings, paragraphs, images, links, tables.
HTTP
HyperText Transfer Protocol
Used for communication/transfer of web resources.
Easy way to remember
HTML = creates/structures webpage content
HTTP = transfers web resources
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HTTP and HTML: Don't confuse them!
No.
HTML is a markup language.
HTTP is a protocol.
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Multiple Choice
Which statement correctly distinguishes HTML and HTTP?
HTML is a protocol and HTTP is a language.
HTML structures web content while HTTP defines rules for transferring web resources.
Both are programming languages.
Both are web browsers.
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HTTPS
HTTPS = Secure Web Communication
HTTPS = Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure
HTTPS is HTTP with security provided using modern cryptographic protocols, primarily TLS (Transport Layer Security).
Why is HTTPS important?
It helps protect information sent between your browser and the website.
Examples of sensitive information:
🔐 Passwords
💳 Payment information
📧 Personal information
👤 Login details
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HTTPS
Example
Online banking:
HTTPS helps protect communication between:
Your browser 🔒 Website
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HTTPS
Note:
HTTPS makes a website "completely safe." It protects the connection, but it does not guarantee that the website itself is trustworthy.
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Multiple Choice
What is the main purpose of HTTPS?
To make websites colourful
To provide more secure communication between a browser and web server
To replace HTML
To increase the size of webpages
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HTTP vs HTTPS
HTTP | HTTPS |
|---|---|
Hypertext Transfer Protocol | Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure |
Web communication | Secure web communication |
Does not provide TLS encryption | Uses TLS to protect communication |
Less suitable for sensitive information | Preferred for sensitive information |
Starts with http:// | Starts with https:// |
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HTTP vs HTTPS
Example
HTTP
HTTPS
Look for:
🔒 HTTPS
when entering sensitive information.
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HTTP vs HTTPS
The key concept is:
HTTPS helps protect data while it travels between the browser and server.
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Multiple Choice
Which URL indicates secure url?
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Imagine you're buying headphones online.
You enter:
Name
Address
Phone number
Card/payment information
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Why?
HTTPS helps protect information as it travels between:
Your device → Internet → Website
But remember!
HTTPS does not automatically mean the website is legitimate.
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You should still:
Check the website address carefully.
Avoid suspicious links.
Check that the domain is correct.
Be careful with unknown websites.
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Ask:
"If a fake website uses HTTPS, does that automatically make it trustworthy?"
No.
HTTPS protects the connection; it doesn't prove that the website owner is honest.
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Multiple Choice
Why is HTTPS especially useful when shopping online?
It makes products cheaper.
It protects communication containing sensitive information.
It makes the browser faster
It removes advertisements.
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Imagine you log into your bank account.
You enter:
Username: student123
Password: ********
You may then view:
💰 Account balance
💳 Transactions
🏦 Bank details
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Why should secure communication be used?
Because sensitive information is being exchanged.
HTTPS helps protect the communication between:
Browser 🔒 Bank's web server
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Multiple Choice
Which situation most strongly requires secure web communication?
Reading a public weather page
Looking at a public school timetable
Logging into an online banking account
Reading a public news article
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=12345
What does each part mean?
https:// → Protocol
www → Host/subdomain component
youtube → Domain name
.com → Domain type
/watch/ → Path
?v=12345 → Additional information used to identify/request the resource
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What happens next?
You
⬇️
Web Browser
⬇️
Internet
⬇️
Web Server
⬇️
Internet
⬇️
Web Browser
⬇️
Webpage/video appears
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Multiple Choice
https
bbc
.co
.uk
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🌍 Internet
Connects networks and devices.
🌐 WWW
Provides access to web resources.
🖥️ Web Browser
Software used to access and display webpages.
📍 URL
Address used to locate a web resource.
📜 HTTP/HTTPS
Protocols used for web communication.
🖥️ Web Server
Computer/system that stores and provides web resources.
A browser uses a URL to request web resources from a web server over the Internet using web protocols such as HTTP or HTTPS.
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Multiple Choice
Which sequence is most appropriate?
URL → Browser → Web server → Internet
Browser uses URL → communicates over Internet → web server responds
Internet uses browser → creates URL → server
HTML → keyboard → Internet → URL
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Multiple Choice
"Internet = WWW"
True
False
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1. "Internet = WWW"
❌ Incorrect
✅ WWW is a service that uses the Internet.
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Multiple Choice
"Chrome is the Internet"
True
False
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"Chrome is the Internet"
❌ Incorrect
✅ Chrome is a web browser.
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Multiple Choice
"Google is a browser"
True
False
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"Google is a browser"
❌ Incorrect
✅ Google is primarily a search engine.
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Multiple Choice
"HTML is a protocol"
True
False
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"HTML is a protocol"
❌ Incorrect
✅ HTML is a markup language.
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Multiple Choice
"HTTP means secure"
True
False
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"HTTP means secure"
❌ Incorrect
✅ HTTPS provides secure web communication using TLS.
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Multiple Choice
"HTTPS means the website is definitely trustworthy"
True
False
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"HTTPS means the website is definitely trustworthy"
❌ Incorrect
✅ HTTPS protects the connection but does not guarantee the site's legitimacy.
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Multiple Choice
Which statement is FALSE?
Chrome is a web browser.
HTML is a markup language.
HTTPS provides secure communication.
The WWW and Internet are exactly the same thing.
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Consider:
https://www.school.edu.pk/ict/index.html
Identify:
1. Protocol: __________
2. Host/subdomain: __________
3. Domain name: __________
4. Domain type: __________
5. Country code: __________
6. Path: __________
7. File name: __________
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Scenario
Ali wants to buy a new laptop online.
He finds two links:
Website A
Website B
He needs to enter his:
Name
Address
Phone number
Payment information
Questions
1. Which connection would be preferable?
2. Why?
3. What does the "S" in HTTPS indicate?
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Q7. What does HTTP stand for?
Answer:
Q8. What does HTTPS stand for?
Answer:
Q9. What is the main difference between HTTP and HTTPS?
Answer:
Q10. Why is HTTPS important when using online banking?
Answer:
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Q7. What does HTTP stand for?
Answer: Hypertext Transfer Protocol.
Q8. What does HTTPS stand for?
Answer: Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure.
Q9. What is the main difference between HTTP and HTTPS?
Answer: HTTPS provides more secure communication by using TLS to protect data transmitted between a browser and a web server.
Q10. Why is HTTPS important when using online banking?
Answer: HTTPS helps protect sensitive information such as usernames, passwords and financial information while it is being transmitted.
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Categorize
<body>
<table>
<img>
<h1>
<header>
<footer>
<ol>
href
border
bgcolour
align
font style
Organize these options into the right categories
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How Does Your Computer Find a Website?
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How Does Your Computer Find a Website?
It needs to find the IP address of the website's server.
For example:
⬇️
IP address
192.0.2.10
The system that helps find this IP address is called:
Domain Name System / Domain Name Server
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Real-life analogy 🏠
You know your friend's name:
Ahmed
But to visit Ahmed's house, you need his:
Address
Similarly:
Domain name = easy-to-remember name
IP address = network address
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"If I give you an IP address like 142.250.183.14, would you remember it?"
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Multiple Choice
Why is DNS needed when accessing a website?
To create HTML
To convert a domain name into an IP address
To display images
To store cookies
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What is DNS?
DNS = Domain Name System
DNS is a system used to find the IP address associated with a domain name.
Why do we need it?
Humans prefer names such as:
Computers communicate using:
IP addresses
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What is DNS?
So DNS helps connect the two:
Domain name
⬇️ DNS
IP address
[IP address]
Key idea
DNS translates/maps domain names to IP addresses.
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What is DNS?
DNS does not "turn a website into an IP address."
It finds the IP address associated with the domain name.
Students should understand that the website server has an IP address, and DNS helps the browser discover it.
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Multiple Choice
What does DNS mainly do? in simple words
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Domain Name vs IP Address
Domain Name
A human-friendly name.
Example:
Easy for people to remember.
IP Address
A numerical address used to identify a device/server on a network.
Example:
203.0.113.25
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Domain Name vs IP Address
Think of it like this:
📱 Contact name: "Mom"
📞 Phone number: actual number used to contact her
Similarly:
🌐 Domain: example.com
🔢 IP address: numerical network address
Important
Users normally do not need to memorise IP addresses.
DNS does this work for them.
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Multiple Choice
Which is easier for humans to remember?
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What Happens When You Type a URL?
You type:
What happens?
Step 1
🧑💻 You enter the URL.
⬇️
Step 2
🌐 The browser needs the website's IP address.
⬇️
Step 3
🔎 The browser/device uses DNS to find the IP address.
⬇️
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What Happens When You Type a URL?
⬇️
Step 4
🖥️ The IP address is returned.
⬇️
Step 5
📡 Your computer communicates with the web server.
⬇️
Step 6
📄 The webpage is sent back.
⬇️
Step 7
🌐 The browser displays the webpage.
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Multiple Choice
What happens after the browser obtains the correct IP address?
The computer contacts the appropriate web server.
The computer deletes the URL.
DNS creates HTML.
The browser shuts down.
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DNS
Domain name
⬇️
🔎 DNS
⬇️
IP address
203.0.113.25
⬇️
🖥️ Web server
Remember:
DNS = Internet's address lookup system
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Multiple Choice
Which analogy best describes DNS?
A calculator
An address lookup service
A keyboard
A web browser
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DNS Servers Have a Database
DNS servers contain information that allows domain names to be associated with IP addresses.
For example:
Domain name | IP address |
|---|---|
203.0.113.25 | |
198.51.100.12 | |
192.0.2.15 |
When a DNS server knows the answer, it can return the corresponding IP address.
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DNS Servers Have a Database
What if it doesn't know?
It can ask another DNS server.
Key point
DNS is not necessarily just one server.
It is a system involving many DNS servers.
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404 ERROR
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DNS Servers Have a Database
This corrects another common misconception.
Students may imagine:
"There is one giant DNS computer somewhere."
Explain that DNS is a distributed system involving many servers.
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Multiple Choice
What can a DNS server do if it does not have the required domain/IP information?
Ask another DNS server
Turn off the Internet
Delete the website
Create a new browser
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What is a DNS cache?
How It Works
First Visit: When you type a website address like google.com, your device asks a Domain Name System (DNS) server to find its numerical IP address. This process checks multiple external servers.
Saving the Answer: Your device saves (or "caches") this matching pair in a quick-lookup list.
Next Visit: The next time you go to that site, your device skips asking the external servers and uses the saved address instantly
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What is a DNS cache?
Why It Matters
Speed: Web pages open much faster because your device avoids a long search.
Efficiency: It reduces traffic and workload on global internet servers.
Expiration (TTL): Saved items have a timer called Time to Live (TTL). When it expires, your device deletes the entry so it can get updated information if the website changes its addres
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What is a DNS cache?
This can:
⚡ Reduce lookup time
📉 Reduce unnecessary DNS queries
🌐 Make access more efficient
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What is a DNS cache?
Explain the concept using a student example.
"If you ask me the same question tomorrow and I remember the answer, I don't need to look it up again."
That's similar to caching.
Do not imply that cached DNS information stays forever. DNS records have expiration times.
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Multiple Choice
Why is DNS caching useful?
It can reduce the need to perform another DNS lookup.
It permanently stores every webpage.
It encrypts all Internet traffic.
It replaces the web browser.
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The Complete DNS Process
Example
User enters:
1️⃣ Browser asks DNS
"What IP address belongs to www.school.com?"
⬇️
2️⃣ DNS Server 1 checks its information/cache
If it doesn't know:
⬇️
3️⃣ DNS Server 1 asks another DNS server
⬇️
4️⃣ DNS Server 2 finds the IP address
Example:
203.0.113.25
⬇️
5️⃣ IP address is returned
⬇️
6️⃣ Computer contacts the web server
⬇️
7️⃣ Webpage is downloaded
⬇️
8️⃣ Browser interprets the HTML
⬇️
9️⃣ Webpage appears on screen
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Multiple Choice
Which step happens FIRST?
Webpage is displayed
HTML is interpreted
User enters the URL
Web server sends HTML
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DNS Process: Exam Version : AFL (in your registers)
Put these steps in the correct order:
A. Webpage is downloaded.
B. User enters URL.
C. DNS finds the IP address.
D. Computer contacts the web server.
E. Browser displays webpage.
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DNS Process: Exam Version
Exam tip ⭐
If asked:
"Describe how DNS is used to locate a webpage."
Include these keywords:
URL → DNS → IP address → web server → webpage
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Multiple Choice
Which sequence is correct?
URL → DNS → IP address → web server → webpage
URL → webpage → DNS → IP address
IP address → URL → browser → DNS
. Browser → webpage → DNS → URL
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What Does the Web Server Do?
Once the computer knows the IP address:
Computer
⬇️
Communicates with
⬇️
Web Server
The web server provides the requested resources.
These may include:
HTML
Images
CSS
JavaScript
Videos
Other files
The browser receives the resources and displays the webpage.
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What Does the Web Server Do?
Simple flow
DNS finds the server
↓
Web server provides the resources
↓
Browser displays them
DNS does NOT send the webpage.
DNS helps locate the server.
The web server sends the requested web resources.
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Multiple Choice
What is the main role of the web server in this process?
To translate the domain name
To provide requested web resources
To act as the user's keyboard
To create the DNS system
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Now: How Does a Website Remember You?
Imagine you visit an online shopping website.
You add:
🛒 Shoes
🛒 Backpack
🛒 Headphones
You close the website.
Later, you return.
The website may still remember information about your visit.
How?
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Multiple Choice
What is one purpose of cookies?
To store information that helps a website remember certain user information/preferences
To physically connect computers
To replace DNS
To create IP addresses
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What Is a Cookie?🍪
A cookie is a small piece of data stored by a website in a user's browser/device.
The web server can send the cookie to the browser.
The browser stores it and may send it back to the website in later requests.
A cookie can contain information such as:
User preferences
Language
Currency
Session information
Website activity
Identifiers
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What Is a Cookie?🍪
Simple idea:
A cookie allows a website to remember information about a user's interaction with it.
"Imagine a shop gives you a small card saying, 'This customer prefers English and PKR.' When you return, the shop can recognise those preferences."
Clarify that a cookie is data, not a virus or a complete program.
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Multiple Choice
What is a cookie?
A type of computer virus
A small piece of data stored by a website in a browser/device
. A type of IP address
A web browser
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How Is Information Stored in a Cookie?
A cookie can be thought of as a small look-up table containing:
Key → Data
Examples
Key | Data |
|---|---|
surname | Jones |
language | English |
currency | PKR |
music | Rock |
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How Is Information Stored in a Cookie?
The key tells us what the information represents.
The data is the value associated with that key.
Example
language → English
currency → PKR
Notes
This comes directly from the textbook concept of key-data pairs.
"If the key is language, what could the data be?"
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Multiple Choice
In a cookie, what does the key represent?
. The value being stored
The type/name of the information being stored
The website's IP address only
The browser software
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What Can Cookies Do?
Cookies can be used to:
🧠 Remember
User preferences
🛒 Maintain
Shopping baskets
🔐 Maintain sessions
Help recognise an active session
🎯 Personalise
Website content
👀 Track
Browsing activity
🌍 Remember
Language and currency preferences
🎮 Save
Progress in online games and quizzes
172
How Is Information Stored in a Cookie?
Cookies have many legitimate uses.
They aren't simply "bad."
Some uses improve convenience, while others may raise privacy concerns.
173
Multiple Choice
Which is NOT a typical use of cookies?
Remembering language preferences
Maintaining shopping baskets
Converting domain names into IP addresses
Personalising webpages
174
Real-Life Example: Language & Currency 🌍
Imagine you visit an international shopping website.
On your first visit you select:
🌐 Language: English
💰 Currency: PKR
The website may store these preferences.
On a later visit:
The website can recognise:
Language → English
Currency → PKR
So you don't have to select them again.
175
Real-Life Example: Language & Currency 🌍
Benefit:
✅ More convenient
✅ Saves time
✅ Personalised experience
Teacher Notes
Ask students:
"What happens when you visit a website that automatically remembers your language?"
Then ask:
"Would you consider that useful?"
This introduces the benefit of cookies.
176
Multiple Choice
Which cookie use is demonstrated here?
Finding an IP address
Remembering user preferences
Encrypting a webpage
Creating HTML
177
Real-Life Example: Online Shopping 🛒
You visit an online store.
You add:
🎧 Headphones
💻 Laptop
🖱️ Mouse
to your shopping basket.
You move to another page.
The website still knows:
Your basket contains 3 items.
Cookies can help maintain information about your shopping session.
178
Real-Life Example: Online Shopping 🛒
Why is this useful?
Without a way to maintain session information, your basket could be lost as you move between pages.
Teacher Notes
This is one of the textbook's key examples.
"Have you ever added something to an online basket and continued shopping without buying it immediately?"
Then explain that mechanisms such as session cookies can help maintain the shopping session.
179
Multiple Choice
Which type of cookie is commonly associated with maintaining a temporary shopping session?
Session cookie
Persistent cookie
DNS cookie
. HTML cookie
180
Two Main Types of Cookies
1. Session Cookie
⏱️ Temporary
Usually exists only during the current browsing session.
2. Persistent Cookie
📅 Remains for a specified period.
Has an expiry date/time.
May remain after the browser is closed.
Memory Trick
SESSION = Short-term
PERSISTENT = Stays
181
Two Main Types of Cookies
It means the cookie can remain after the current session until it expires or is deleted.
182
Multiple Choice
Which cookie is normally temporary?
A. Persistent cookie
B. Session cookie
183
Session cookies are temporary cookies associated with the current website session.
Example:
You visit an online shop.
You add:
🛒 Shoes
🛒 Bag
🛒 Headphones
The session cookie can help maintain your shopping session.
When the session ends:
Session cookie → deleted
Remember:
Session cookie = temporary
184
According to the textbook, session cookies are stored in temporary memory and cease to exist when the browser is closed or the website session terminates.
For conceptual understanding, tell students:
"They are designed to last only for the current session."
185
Multiple Choice
What normally happens to a session cookie when the browsing session ends?
It becomes persistent
It is normally deleted
It becomes an IP address
It is sent to another computer
186
Persistent Cookies
Persistent cookies remain stored after the current browsing session ends.
They have an expiry date/time.
They can remain on the user's device until:
The expiry date is reached, OR
The user deletes the cookie.
187
Persistent Cookies
Example
You select:
Language → English
You close the browser.
You return later.
The website may still recognise your preference.
Remember:
Persistent = remains beyond the current session
This is an important exam distinction.
Emphasise:
Session → deleted when session ends
Persistent → remains until expiry/deletion
188
Multiple Choice
What is a key characteristic of a persistent cookie?
It is always deleted when the browser closes.
It remains for a specified period and has an expiry date/time.
It only stores IP addresses.
It cannot be deleted.
189
Session vs Persistent
Feature | Session Cookie | Persistent Cookie |
|---|---|---|
Duration | Temporary | Longer-term |
Expiry | Usually tied to session | Has expiry date/time |
After browser closes | Normally deleted | May remain |
Shopping session | ✅ Common use | Possible, depending on design |
Remember preferences | Less suitable | ✅ Common use |
Login recognition | Session-related | Can support "remember me" functionality |
190
Session vs Persistent
Easy memory trick
⏱️ SESSION → NOW
📅 PERSISTENT → LATER
191
Multiple Choice
Which statement is correct?
Session cookies always remain permanently.
Persistent cookies are always deleted when the browser closes.
Session cookies are temporary, while persistent cookies can remain after the session ends.
There is no difference between them.
192
First Visit to a Website
First visit / login
1. User's browser requests webpage
⬇️
2. Web server responds
⬇️
3. Server sends a cookie
⬇️
4. Browser stores the cookie
193
First Visit to a Website
Two possibilities:
Session Cookie
Stored temporarily.
Persistent Cookie
Stored for a longer period with an expiry date/time.
194
Multiple Choice
During a first visit, who can send a cookie to the browser?
The web server
The keyboard
The monitor
DNS only
195
What Happens When the Browser Closes?
If it is a SESSION cookie:
🌐 Browser closes
↓
🍪 Session cookie
↓
❌ Deleted
196
What Happens When the Browser Closes?
If it is a PERSISTENT cookie:
🌐 Browser closes
↓
🍪 Persistent cookie
↓
✅ Remains stored
↓
📅 Until expiry/deletion
197
Multiple Choice
A cookie remains after the browser has been closed. Which type is it most likely to be?
Session cookie
Persistent cookie
DNS cookie
Temporary HTML
198
Returning to the Website
Subsequent visit
The user visits the website again.
The browser may send relevant stored cookies.
The web server can use the information to recognise the browser and retrieve appropriate preferences/session information.
Example
Previously:
Language → English
Currency → PKR
Next visit:
🌐 Website recognises the stored preference.
Result:
The website can provide a more personalised experience.
199
Returning to the Website
You can say:
"The website can recognise the browser."
Rather than saying:
"The cookie knows who you are."
A cookie is data stored by the browser; the website uses that data.
200
Multiple Choice
On a subsequent visit, what can a website do with a relevant persistent cookie?
Use it to recognise the returning browser and preferences
Convert it into HTML
Turn it into an IP address
Delete the Internet
201
Cookies as a Website's Memory 🧠
Think of cookies as a small memory mechanism.
Without cookies:
Website:
"Who are you? What language do you prefer?"
Every visit might require information again.
With appropriate cookies:
Website can recognise stored information.
"Welcome back! We remember your preferences."
202
Cookies as a Website's Memory 🧠
Benefits
✅ Convenience
✅ Personalisation
✅ Faster interaction
✅ Remember settings
Stress that cookies don't mean the website literally remembers everything about the person. They provide stored data/identifiers that help the website maintain state or preferences.
203
Multiple Choice
Why are cookies sometimes described as a website's "memory"?
A. They can help a website remember information about previous interactions.
B. They increase the computer's RAM.
C. They store every webpage permanently.
D. They replace the hard drive.
204
Tracking User Activity 👀
Cookies can also be used to help track:
Websites visited
Browsing activity
Preferences
Products viewed
Previous purchases
This information may be used to:
🎯 Personalise content
🎯 Recommend products
🎯 Target advertising
205
Tracking User Activity 👀
Example
You repeatedly look at:
🎧 Headphones
The website may later show:
"You may also like these headphones."
206
Tracking User Activity 👀
This is where students should understand the privacy issue.
Ask:
"How did the website know you were interested in headphones?"
Explain that cookies and other tracking technologies can contribute to this kind of personalisation.
207
Multiple Choice
Which is a possible use of cookie-related browsing information?
Targeting advertisements based on previous activity
Increasing CPU speed
Changing the screen resolution
Finding a printer
208
Advantages of Cookies
Why are cookies useful?
🛒 Shopping
Remember items in a basket.
🌍 Preferences
Remember language and currency.
🔐 Sessions
Help maintain a user's session.
👤 Recognition
Help websites recognise returning browsers.
🎮 Games & quizzes
Save progress.
📄 Personalisation
Display customised webpages.
209
Multiple Choice
Which is an advantage of cookies?
They can remember user preferences.
They eliminate the need for the Internet.
They replace DNS.
They make every website secure.
210
Cookies in Online Games 🎮
Cookies can help websites remember progress or preferences.
Example
You play an online quiz.
You complete:
Level 1 → ✅
Level 2 → ✅
You leave the website.
When you return, your progress may be recognised.
Other examples
Online quizzes
Educational games
Puzzle websites
Learning platforms
211
Multiple Choice
Which is an example of a cookie being used in an online game?
Remembering game progress or preferences
Increasing graphics card memory
Creating a new IP address
Connecting the monitor
212
Cookies & Online Financial Transactions 💳
Cookies may also be involved in online financial transactions.
For example, they can help maintain information about a user's session while moving between pages.
Important!
Cookies are not the same as encryption.
For sensitive transactions, secure communication such as:
HTTPS 🔒
is also important.
Remember:
Cookie → helps remember/maintain information
HTTPS → helps protect communication
213
Multiple Choice
Which statement is correct?
Cookies provide the same function as HTTPS encryption.
Cookies can help maintain sessions, while HTTPS helps secure communication.
Cookies replace HTTPS.
HTTPS stores shopping baskets.
214
Which is a possible use of cookie-related browsing information?
Replace this with your body text. Duplicate this text as many times as you would like. All provided templates can be reused multiple times. Wish you a good day.
Happy teaching!
215
216
How Does Money Move Today?
Imagine this situation:
Ali wants to send Rs. 5,000 to Sara.
He could:
Give her cash 💵
Use a bank transfer
Use a mobile banking app
Use a digital payment service
Think–Pair–Share
217
218
Multiple Choice
Which of the following is an example of digital currency?
Bitcoin
Debit card transactions
Printed banknotes
Gold bars
219
What Is Digital Currency?
Digital currency exists purely in a digital format.
It has no physical form unlike conventional currency such as:
Dollar ($)
Pound (£)
Euro (€)
Yen (¥)
Digital currency is stored and represented as data in a computer system.
Simple Example
When you see:
Balance: Rs. 25,000
in your banking app, there isn't necessarily a pile of Rs. 25,000 sitting inside your phone.
The balance is represented by digital data in a banking system.
220
What Is Fiat Currency?
Fiat currency is conventional currency issued and backed by a government.
Examples include:
Pakistani Rupee (PKR)
US Dollar (USD)
British Pound (GBP)
Euro (EUR)
Japanese Yen (JPY)
Fiat currency can exist as:
Physical notes and coins
Digital records in bank accounts
221
What Is Fiat Currency?
Important
Digital currency ≠ necessarily cryptocurrency.
Digital currency is a broad term.
Cryptocurrency is one particular type of digital currency that uses cryptography and decentralised systems.
222
Multiple Choice
What is a key characteristic of digital currency?
It exists only in electronic form and has no physical presence.
It is only issued by banks and governments.
It cannot be used for purchasing goods or services.
It is illegal in all countries.
223
Digital Currency in Everyday Life
Digital money is already used in many everyday situations.
Examples:
Online banking
Checking account balance
Sending money
Paying bills
Mobile payment apps
Paying for goods
Sending money
Making online purchases
Digital payment services
Online payments
Transfers between accounts
The money is represented digitally and transferred electronically.
224
How Can Digital Currency Be Used?
Digital currency can be used to:
Pay for goods
Pay for services
Transfer money between accounts
Make online payments
Bank using smartphones/computers
Example
A customer purchases a product online.
Customer's digital account → Payment system → Seller's digital account
No physical cash needs to be handed over.
225
Multiple Choice
Which statement best describes digital currency?
Currency that can only exist as physical coins
Currency that exists only in digital form
Currency that can only be used in banks
Currency that is always cryptocurrency
226
Consider two people:
Nick → Irina
Nick wants to send money to Irina.
Nick uses Bank X.
Irina uses Bank Y.
A central banking system can be involved in regulating and managing the transfer.
Simplified model:
Nick → Bank X → Central Banking System → Bank Y → Irina
227
Key Idea
The banks and central banking system act as central authorities in the transaction.
228
Multiple Choice
What makes digital currency different from traditional currency?
Digital currency is purely electronic and does not have a physical form.
Digital currency is always controlled by central banks.
Digital currency can only be used in specific countries.
Digital currency cannot be used to buy goods or services.
229
What Is Centralisation?
Centralisation means that control or management is concentrated in a central authority.
For traditional digital currency systems, banks and central authorities play important roles in:
Managing accounts
Processing transactions
Regulating the financial system
Monitoring transactions
Determining/affecting exchange rates
230
What Is Centralisation?
Simple Analogy
Think of a school:
Students → Teacher → Head of Department
The teacher/HOD acts as a central authority.
Similarly, a centralised financial system has organisations that manage and control important parts of the system.
231
Why Is Centralisation a Problem?
The textbook identifies two major concerns:
1. Confidentiality
How securely is people's financial information kept?
2. Security
How well is the system protected against attacks, fraud or unauthorised access?
Because information and control are concentrated in central systems, protecting these systems is extremely important.
Think
What might happen if a central financial system were successfully attacked?
232
AFL: Centralised or Not?
For each example, decide whether the description represents a centralised or decentralised system.
A. One organisation controls the main database.
B. Many independent participants maintain copies of transaction information.
C. A central authority controls the rules of the system.
D. No single central authority controls the entire system.
233
AFL: Centralised or Not?
For each example, decide whether the description represents a centralised or decentralised system.
A. One organisation controls the main database.
B. Many independent participants maintain copies of transaction information.
C. A central authority controls the rules of the system.
D. No single central authority controls the entire system.
Answers A → Centralised B → Decentralised C → Centralised D → Decentralised
234
AFL: Centralised or Not?
For each example, decide whether the description represents a centralised or decentralised system.
A. One organisation controls the main database.
B. Many independent participants maintain copies of transaction information.
C. A central authority controls the rules of the system.
D. No single central authority controls the entire system.
Answers A → Centralised B → Decentralised C → Centralised D → Decentralised
235
Enter Cryptocurrency
One type of digital currency is cryptocurrency.
Cryptocurrency was developed to address some problems associated with centralised digital currency systems.
It uses:
Cryptography
Cryptography involves techniques used to protect information and transactions.
Cryptocurrency uses cryptography to help:
Secure transactions
Verify transactions
Protect information
Track transactions
237
Multiple Choice
What is the term used to describe a digital representation of value that is not issued or controlled by any central authority?
Cryptocurrency
Digital asset
Virtual currency
Electronic money
238
What Is CryptoCurrency?
Examples include:
Bitcoin
Ethereum
Important
Cryptocurrency:
Has no physical notes or coins
Exists digitally
Uses cryptographic techniques
Uses a blockchain network
Is designed around decentralisation
239
What Is CryptoCurrency?
Important
Cryptocurrency:
Has no physical notes or coins
Exists digitally
Uses cryptographic techniques
Uses a blockchain network
Is designed around decentralisation
240
Multiple Choice
Which technology is fundamental to cryptocurrency for securing and tracking transactions?
HTML
Cryptography
DNS
Cookies
241
What Does Decentralisation Mean?
Decentralisation means that control is distributed across a network rather than being controlled by one central authority.
Centralised
Users → Central Bank → Users
One central authority plays a major role.
Decentralised
User ↔ User ↔ User ↔ User
The network is distributed across many participants.
242
Multiple Choice
Which of the following statements is true about cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin?
They operate on decentralized blockchain networks.
They are backed by physical assets such as gold.
243
What Does Decentralisation Mean?
Key Difference
Centralised: control is concentrated.
Decentralised: control is distributed.
244
Traditional Digital Currency vs Cryptocurrency
Traditional Digital Currency | Cryptocurrency |
|---|
Uses centralised systems | Uses decentralised networks |
Regulated by central banks/governments | Designed without state control |
Central authorities have significant control | Rules are established by the cryptocurrency system/community |
Transactions are managed through financial institutions | Transactions are recorded on a blockchain network |
Exchange rates are determined/managed through traditional financial systems | Cryptocurrency prices are determined by market forces rather than a central bank |
245
Who Controls Cryptocurrency?
Traditional digital currencies are regulated by:
Central banks + Governments
Cryptocurrency is designed to operate without a central government or central bank controlling the entire system.
Instead, the rules are established through the cryptocurrency's underlying system and participants.
Key Term
Decentralised
= No single central authority controls the entire network.
246
Cryptocurrency Transactions
An important feature of many cryptocurrencies is that transaction records are publicly available on the blockchain.
This allows transactions to be:
Recorded
Verified
Tracked
The system can also monitor the amount of currency recorded within the network.
247
Multiple Choice
What is the structure of a blockchain?
A series of linked records called blocks.
A single document stored in a central database.
A private database owned by a single company.
A temporary record that is erased after transactions are complete.
248
Cryptocurrency Transactions
Important Distinction
Public transaction record does NOT necessarily mean that everyone's real-world identity is publicly displayed.
Students should not assume:
"Public blockchain = everyone knows exactly who the person is."
249
Cryptography
Cryptography is the science of writing and solving secret codes to keep information safe from snoops. [1, 2]
How Secret Codes Work
Think of sending a message to a friend across a room where a sneaky sibling might intercept it. If you just yell it out, everyone hears it. Instead, you use a secret system: [1, 2]
Plaintext: Your normal, readable message (like "Cat" or "Hello").
Encryption: The magic trick of scrambling your normal message into total nonsense.
Ciphertext: The scrambled, gibberish message that looks like random letters or symbols to anyone else.
The Key: The secret rule or password needed to scramble and unscramble the message.
Decryption: Using the key to turn the scrambled nonsense back into the readable original message
250
Multiple Choice
Why is blockchain often referred to as a 'distributed ledger'?
It is stored across multiple computers rather than a central location.
It is controlled by a single organization.
It only records transactions temporarily.
It is used only by banks for financial transactions.
251
What Is a Blockchain?
A blockchain is a distributed digital ledger used to record transactions.
Transactions are grouped into blocks.
These blocks are linked together to form a chain.
Hence:
Block → Block → Block → Block
252
What Is a Blockchain?
Simple Analogy
Imagine a notebook containing transaction records.
Instead of one person keeping the notebook, copies of the record are maintained across a network.
253
Multiple Choice
What is the main function of blockchain technology in digital currencies?
It securely records and tracks all digital currency transactions.
It converts digital currency into physical cash.
It controls the interest rates of digital currencies.
It acts as a central bank for cryptocurrencies.
254
Real-Life Scenario
Ayesha wants to send cryptocurrency to Bilal.
There is no traditional bank sitting between them to approve the transaction in the same way as a conventional bank transfer.
The transaction is broadcast to the cryptocurrency network.
The network verifies the transaction.
The transaction is recorded on the blockchain
255
Real-Life Scenario
256
What Is a Cryptocurrency Wallet?
A cryptocurrency wallet is used to interact with cryptocurrency holdings and transactions.
It allows a user to:
Receive cryptocurrency
Send cryptocurrency
Manage their cryptocurrency
Important
A wallet does not work like a physical wallet containing coins.
Cryptocurrency exists digitally on the underlying blockchain system.
257
Multiple Choice
Which statement is correct?
Cryptocurrency is stored as physical coins inside a wallet.
Cryptocurrency transactions can be recorded on a blockchain.
Cryptocurrency is always controlled by a central bank.
Cryptocurrency does not use cryptography.
258
Advantages of Cryptocurrency
Potential advantages include:
Decentralisation
No single central authority controls the entire network.
Public transaction records
Transactions can be recorded and tracked on the blockchain.
Security
Cryptographic techniques and blockchain technology help protect the transaction system.
Digital transfer
Cryptocurrency can be transferred electronically between wallets.
259
Potential Issues / Limitations
Students should also understand that cryptocurrency is not simply "perfect digital money."
Possible concerns include:
Cryptocurrency values can change significantly.
Users must protect their wallet credentials/private keys.
Transactions may be difficult or impossible to reverse.
Regulations differ between countries.
Public transaction records can raise privacy questions.
260
AFL: Spot the Error
A student writes:
"Cryptocurrency is exactly the same as traditional digital currency because both are stored digitally and controlled by central banks."
What is wrong?
261
AFL: Spot the Error
There are two problems with this statement.
Cryptocurrency is digital, but it is designed to operate using a decentralised system.
Cryptocurrency is not controlled by central banks in the same way as traditional digital currencies.
Correct idea
Both are digital, but their systems of control and management are different.
262
Replace with sub-header
Replace this with your body text. Duplicate this text as many times as you would like. All provided templates can be reused multiple times. Wish you a good day.
Happy teaching!
263
Blockchain is used in:
1. Cryptocurrency
Bitcoin, Ethereum
2. Smart Contracts
Automatic agreements
Example:
If payment is received → Ticket sent automatically.
3. Pharmaceutical Research
Sharing medical research securely.
4. Politics
Secure voting systems.
5. Education
Storing certificates and records.
264
Multiple Choice
Which is NOT a use of blockchain?
265
What Is Inside a Block?
Each block contains:
1. Data
Examples:
Sender
Receiver
Amount
Date
266
What Is Inside a Block?
2. Hash Value
A unique digital fingerprint.
Example:
AB45F1
267
What Is Inside a Block?
268
What Is Inside a Block?
3. Previous Hash
Links the block to the earlier block.
269
Multiple Choice
What is a hash for a blockchain? in easy words
270
What Is Inside a Block?
Hash values are created using algorithms such as:
SHA-256
Hash Example:
Input:
Ali sends Rs.100
Hash:
A7D5F4C8
Even a tiny change:
Ali sends Rs.1000
Produces:
D9E1A2B7
271
What Is Inside a Block?
Important
Small change → Completely different hash
Real-Life Example
Like changing one letter in a secret code.
Everything changes.
272
Multiple Choice
Changing data inside a block will:
Keep same hash
Change the hash
Delete blockchain
Stop internet
273
Genesis Block
The first block is called:
Genesis Block
It has:
No previous hash.
Example:
Block 1 → Genesis Block
Block 2 → Points to Block 1
Block 3 → Points to Block 2
274
Multiple Choice
The first block is called:
Master Block
Root Block
Genesis Block
Prime Block
275
How Blocks Connect
Example:
Block 1 → A4BF
↓
Block 2 → 6AB1
↓
Block 3 → 34EE
↓
Block 4 → FF12
Every block depends on previous blocks.
This forms a chain.
Hence:
BLOCK + CHAIN = BLOCKCHAIN
276
How Blocks Connect
Draw:
5 connected blocks.
Label:
Data
Hash
Previous hash
277
Multiple Choice
What connects blocks?
URLs
Previous hashes
Cookies
DNS
278
-What Happens If a Block Is Changed?
Suppose Block 2 changes.
Its hash changes.
Then:
Block 3 becomes invalid.
Block 4 becomes invalid.
Block 5 becomes invalid.
Entire chain breaks.
Real-Life Example
Dominoes:
Remove one domino.
Everything after it falls.
279
What Happens if Data Changes?
Suppose:
Block 2 is changed.
Old hash:
6AB1
New hash:
ZZ98
Problem:
Block 3 expects:
Previous hash = 6AB1
Chain breaks.
Important
Hackers cannot change one block easily because:
All later blocks become invalid.
280
Multiple Choice
Changing one block causes:
Nothing
Chain becomes invalid
More cookies
Faster transactions
281
Multiple Choice
Changing one block causes:
Chain remains same
Later blocks become invalid
Faster transactions
No effect
282
Proof of Work
Computers are fast.
Could hackers simply create a new chain?
Blockchain prevents this using:
Proof-of-Work
A difficult calculation must be solved before adding a block.
This slows block creation.
Example:
Bitcoin ≈ 10 minutes per block.
283
Multiple Choice
Proof-of-work:
Makes block creation difficult
Deletes blocks
Creates passwords
Encrypts emails
284
Miners
Miners:
✔ Verify transactions
✔ Solve proof-of-work
✔ Add blocks
✔ Receive rewards
Real-Life Example
Miners are like exam invigilators:
They check work before acceptance.
285
Multiple Choice
Miners
Hack systems
Verify transactions
Delete blocks
Create viruses
286
Why Blockchain is Secure
Security comes from:
✔ Many copies exist
✔ Hash links
✔ Proof-of-work
✔ Verification
Hackers would need to attack:
ALL copies simultaneously.
This is extremely difficult.
287
Multiple Choice
Blockchain is secure because:
Only one copy exists
Many copies exist
It uses HTML
It uses DNS
288
Why Cyber Security Matters
Cyber security means:
Protecting:
Data
Systems
Networks
Threats include:
Brute force
Data interception
DDoS
Malware
Phishing
289
Why Cyber Security Matters
Real-Life Example
Data stolen:
Passwords
Banking details
Personal information
290
Multiple Choice
Cyber security protects:
Buildings
Data and systems
Cars
Printers
291
Brute Force Attack
A hacker tries:
password1
password2
password3
Until the correct password is found.
This is:
Brute Force Attack
292
Brute Force Attack
Weak Passwords
123456
password
qwerty
Strong Password
A!9kP@72mX#
293
Multiple Choice
Brute force attacks involve:
Guessing passwords repeatedly
Stealing hardware
Creating websites
Sending emails
294
Protecting Against Brute Force
Use:
✔ Long passwords
✔ Symbols
✔ Numbers
✔ Two-factor authentication
295
Multiple Choice
Which password is strongest?
"v7!Qm2#Lx9@Rk4$Tz8".
"Alex1995!".
"Summer2026!".
"K9!xP2@q".
296
Data Interception
Data interception:
Stealing data during transmission.
Example:
Laptop → Wi-Fi → Router
A hacker intercepts the signal.
Packet Sniffer
Examines data packets.
Real-Life Example
Using public Wi-Fi:
Airport
Cafe
Mall
Danger:
Data can be intercepted.
297
Multiple Choice
Data interception means:
Deleting files
Stealing transmitted data
Restarting computers
Formatting drives
298
Wardriving
Wardriving:
Using:
Laptop
Smartphone
Antenna
GPS
To find and intercept Wi-Fi signals.
Protection
✔ Strong passwords
✔ Encryption
✔ Firewalls
299
Multiple Choice
Wardriving targets:
Wired networks
Wireless networks
Printers
USB drives
300
Encryption
Encryption:
Changes readable data:
HELLO
Into:
JY72A9P
Only users with a key can decrypt it.
Example
HTTPS uses encryption.
Online banking uses encryption.
301
Multiple Choice
Encryption:
Makes data unreadable without a key
Deletes files
Creates malware
Creates passwords
302
DDoS Attacks
DDoS:
Distributed Denial of Service
Many computers send huge amounts of traffic.
Server becomes overloaded.
Users cannot access services.
Real-Life Example
Thousands of fake requests:
Website crashes.
303
Multiple Choice
DDoS attacks:
Encrypt files
Overload systems
Delete passwords
Create viruses
304
Multiple Choice
DDoS attacks:
Encrypt files
Overload systems
Delete passwords
Create viruses
305
Signs of DDoS
Signs:
✔ Slow websites
✔ Large spam emails
✔ Services unavailable
306
Multiple Choice
A sign of DDoS:
Faster internet
Slow websites
Better security
Stronger passwords
307
Protection Against DDoS
Use:
✔ Firewalls
✔ Malware protection
✔ Spam filters
✔ Traffic filtering
Note
Firewall:
Like a security guard checking traffic.
308
Multiple Choice
Which helps against DDoS?
Firewall
Cookies
DNS
URL
309
Summary Table
Threat | Description |
|---|---|
Brute Force | Guessing passwords |
Data Interception | Stealing transmitted data |
Wardriving | Intercepting Wi-Fi |
DDoS | Overloading servers |
Encryption | Protecting data |
310
HACKING
Imagine you have a computer containing:
Personal photographs
School/work documents
Passwords
Bank information
Someone accesses your computer without your permission.
Think–Pair–Share
What could the person do after gaining access?
311
HACKING
View personal information
Steal data
Delete files
Change information
Copy passwords
Pass information to others
312
HACKING
"Is simply knowing someone's password hacking?"
313
HACKING
hacking involves gaining unauthorised access to a computer system or network. Knowing a password alone is not necessarily hacking; using it to access a system without permission can be.
314
Multiple Choice
Hacking generally means:
Repairing a computer
Gaining unauthorised access to a computer system
Installing an operating system
Creating a website
315
What Can Hacking Cause?
Unauthorised access can result in:
🔴 Identity theft
Someone obtains personal information and uses it fraudulently.
🔴 Data theft
Private information is copied or stolen.
🔴 Data deletion
Important files may be deleted.
🔴 Data modification
Information may be changed.
🔴 Data corruption
Files may become damaged or unusable.
316
MALWARE
Malware = Malicious Software
Malware is software designed to perform harmful or unwanted actions on a computer system.
It can:
Damage files
Steal information
Monitor users
Display unwanted advertisements
Spread to other computers
Encrypt files
Give attackers access
317
Multiple Choice
What does malware mean?
Managed hardware
Malicious software
Modern hardware
Manual software
318
Malware: The Big Picture
Think of malware as a large category.
Inside the category are different types.
MALWARE
↓
Virus
Worm
Trojan Horse
Spyware
Adware
Ransomware
All six are malware, but they behave differently.
319
Multiple Choice
Which of the following is NOT a type of malware?
Virus
Spyware
Firewall
Ransomware
320
What Is a Virus?
A virus is a program or piece of program code that can:
Replicate/copy itself
Delete files
Corrupt files
Cause a computer to malfunction
Important Feature
A virus generally requires a host program or infected operating system and needs to be executed before it can cause harm.
321
Multiple Choice
Which of the following is NOT a type of malware?
322
What Is a Virus?
Example
A user downloads an infected program.
The user runs the program.
The virus becomes active.
It may then:
Copy itself
Damage files
Cause programs to malfunction
323
Multiple Choice
Which is a characteristic of a computer virus?
324
How Can Viruses Spread?
Viruses may be spread through:
Email attachments
A user opens an infected attachment.
Infected websites
A user downloads infected content.
Infected software
A user installs software containing malicious code.
Other infected files/media
An infected file may be transferred between devices.
325
How Can Viruses Spread?
Example
A student receives:
"Important Exam Results.pdf.exe"
The attachment may contain malicious code disguised as a document.
Safety
Don't open suspicious attachments.
Don't download software from untrusted sources.
Keep antivirus software updated.
326
Multiple Choice
Which is a possible way a virus can enter a computer?
Infected software
Increasing screen brightness
Changing wallpaper
Printing a document
327
Real-Life Virus Scenario
Scenario
A student downloads a "free game" from an unknown website.
The game appears to work normally.
However, the software contains malicious code.
After installation:
Some files become corrupted.
The computer behaves unusually.
Other programs stop working correctly.
328
Real-Life Virus Scenario
What happened?
The downloaded software may have contained a virus.
Think
What could the student have done to reduce the risk?
Answer
Download software from trusted sources.
Use updated antivirus/anti-malware software.
Avoid suspicious downloads.
329
Multiple Choice
Which action would reduce the risk of malware?
Downloading unknown software
Using updated security software
Opening every attachment
Disabling security features
330
What Is a Worm?
A worm is a type of malware that:
Is standalone
Can self-replicate
Spreads to other computers
Can spread across networks
Does not require an active host program to be opened in the same way as a virus
331
What Is a Worm?
Key Difference
Virus → usually needs a host program/user execution
Worm → can spread independently across a network
Analogy
Virus:
One infected person passes something on after interacting with others.
Worm:
It spreads from person to person automatically.
332
Multiple Choice
What makes a worm different from a virus?
A worm cannot replicate
spread independently across networks
A worm is always harmless
A worm is hardware
333
Why Are Worms Dangerous?
Worms can spread rapidly.
Imagine:
Computer 1
↓
Computer 2
↓
Computer 3
↓
Computer 4
↓
Entire network
A single infected computer can potentially lead to many other computers becoming infected.
334
Why Are Worms Dangerous?
Real-Life Example
The ILOVEYOU malware outbreak in 2000 spread through email and affected computers around the world.
It caused major disruption to organisations and individuals.
335
Multiple Choice
Why can worms be particularly dangerous?
They cannot spread
They can spread through networks
They only affect printers
They require physical coins
336
What is a host program in a virus?
A host program is a legitimate program or file that a computer virus attaches itself to in order to spread or become active.
Simple example
Imagine you download a game called game.exe.
A virus can attach its code to that program:
Normal program + Virus code → Infected program
When you run the game, the virus code can also run and replicate itself.
337
Why is it called a “host”?
The legitimate program hosts/carries the virus code, much like a passenger being carried by a vehicle.
Virus vs Worm
Virus: usually needs a host program/file and some form of execution to become active.
Worm: is standalone and can replicate and spread without attaching itself to another program.
Exam definition:
A host program is a legitimate program or file that a virus attaches to so that the virus can be activated and replicated when the host is executed.
338
Virus vs Worm
Virus | Worm |
|---|
Usually needs a host program | Standalone malware |
Usually needs execution/activation | Can self-propagate |
Can damage files | Can spread across networks |
May replicate | Replicates itself |
Can require user action | Can spread without direct user action |
339
Multiple Choice
A malware program spreads automatically from one computer to many computers on a network. What is it most likely to be?
Worm
Adware
Spyware
Trojan horse
340
TROJAN HORSE
A Trojan horse is malware disguised as legitimate software.
It tricks the user into installing or running it.
Example
A pop-up appears:
⚠️ "Your computer has 27 viruses!"
It offers:
DOWNLOAD FREE ANTIVIRUS
The program appears legitimate.
But the software is actually malicious.
User clicks → Malware executes
341
Multiple Choice
A Trojan horse is:
Malware disguised as legitimate software
A type of firewall
A type of firewall
An operating system
342
Trojan Horse Example
Imagine downloading:
"Free Video Player"
The program appears legitimate.
After installation, it secretly:
Gives attackers access
Steals information
Installs spyware
Installs ransomware
Important
The user may have allowed the program to run because they believed it was legitimate.
This is why user awareness is important.
343
Multiple Choice
Why are Trojan horses effective?
They cannot run
They look like legitimate software
They are always detected immediately
They are hardware
344
How Trojans Can Lead to Other Malware
A Trojan horse can act as a delivery method.
For example:
Fake software
↓
Trojan horse
↓
Spyware installed
or
↓
Ransomware installed
Important
The Trojan is not necessarily the final damage itself.
It may provide a way for other malicious software to enter the system.
345
Multiple Choice
A Trojan horse can be used to:
Deliver other malware
Increase RAM
Improve Wi-Fi speed
Create backups
346
What Is Spyware?
Spyware is software that secretly monitors a user's activities and gathers information.
It may collect:
Websites visited
Personal information
Account details
Passwords
Banking information
Credit/debit card details
The collected information can be sent to a cybercriminal.
Key Word
SPYWARE = SPYING
347
Multiple Choice
The main purpose of spyware is to:
Improve computer performance
Create backups
Monitor and collect information
Protect passwords
348
Keylogging
Some spyware contains keylogging software.
A keylogger records the keys pressed on a keyboard.
Example
A user types:
username: soleha123
password: ********
A keylogger could potentially record the keystrokes.
This information may then be sent to the attacker.
349
Keylogging
Why is this dangerous?
It could expose:
Passwords
Usernames
Messages
Banking information
350
Multiple Choice
What does a keylogger do?
Deletes the keyboard
Speeds up typing
Records keyboard input
Blocks advertisements
351
Why Do Some Banks Use Drop-Down Menus?
Some banking systems have used virtual keyboards or drop-down menus for entering sensitive characters.
Why?
A conventional keylogger records physical keyboard presses.
If the user selects characters using an on-screen menu instead of typing them directly, a basic keylogger may not capture those characters in the same way.
352
Why Do Some Banks Use Drop-Down Menus?
Example
Instead of typing:
P A S S 1 2 3
the user selects characters from an on-screen interface.
Important
This is one security measure, not complete protection against all spyware or malware.
353
Multiple Choice
Why can an on-screen keyboard help against some keyloggers?
It prevents all malware
It reduces the need to enter characters using the physical keyboard
It encrypts the entire Internet
It removes spyware automatically
354
Detecting Spyware
Spyware can be detected and removed using:
Anti-spyware software
It can:
Scan the computer
Detect suspicious spyware
Remove identified spyware
Warning Sign
If spyware is discovered, it may indicate that there is a security weakness that could be exploited again.
355
Multiple Choice
Which software can help detect and remove spyware?
Calculator
Presentation software
Word processor
Anti-spyware software
356
What Is Adware?
Adware is software that displays unwanted advertising.
It may:
Show pop-ups
Redirect browsers
Change search results
Add unwanted browser toolbars
Send users to advertising websites
Key Word
ADWARE = ADVERTISING
357
What Is Adware?
Example
You open your browser.
Suddenly:
Multiple advertisements appear.
Your homepage changes.
Search results redirect to unfamiliar websites.
This could be adware.
358
Multiple Choice
What is the main purpose of adware?
Display unwanted advertising
Encrypt files for ransom
Record keyboard input
Replicate across networks
359
Is Adware Always Extremely Harmful?
Adware can sometimes be less immediately damaging than ransomware or spyware.
However, it can still be a security concern.
It may:
Be difficult to remove
Redirect the browser
Change search settings
Exploit weaknesses
Lead users to unsafe websites
360
Is Adware Always Extremely Harmful?
Example
A browser repeatedly redirects:
Google search → Unknown advertising website
This could indicate unwanted software.
361
Multiple Choice
Which is a possible effect of adware?
Browser redirection
Increasing storage
Protecting files
Encrypting the Internet
362
What Is Ransomware?
Ransomware is malware that encrypts data and restricts access to it.
The attacker then demands:
💰 A RANSOM
The victim may be told:
"Pay money to receive the decryption key."
Key Word
RANSOMWARE = RANSOM + SOFTWARE
363
What Is Ransomware?
Example
A company switches on its computers.
Suddenly:
🔒 Files cannot be opened.
A message appears demanding payment.
364
Multiple Choice
What does ransomware typically do?
Displays harmless advertisements
Encrypts data and demands payment
Improves computer security
Creates backups
365
How Ransomware Can Enter a Computer
Ransomware may be delivered through:
Trojan horse
A user downloads fake software.
↓
Trojan executes.
↓
Ransomware is installed.
Social engineering
A user is tricked into performing an action.
Phishing
A user receives a malicious email/message and interacts with it.
366
Multiple Choice
Ransomware can be delivered through:
Trojan horses
Social engineering
Phishing
All of the above
367
Ransomware Scenario
Imagine this situation:
A company employee opens a malicious attachment.
The ransomware runs.
The files become encrypted.
The company can no longer access important documents.
A message demands payment.
368
Ransomware Scenario
What should the organisation have done?
✔ Maintain regular backups
✔ Train employees
✔ Use updated security software
✔ Avoid suspicious attachments
✔ Maintain security controls
369
Ransomware Scenario
Most important protection mentioned in the textbook:
REGULAR BACKUPS
If clean backups exist, the organisation may be able to restore its files without relying on the attacker.
370
Multiple Choice
Why are backups important against ransomware?
They increase internet speed
They can allow files to be restored
They prevent every virus
They remove advertisements
371
Malware Comparison - Complete the worksheet given
Malware | Main Feature |
|---|
Virus | Replicates and attaches to/depends on a host program |
Worm | Self-replicates and spreads across networks |
Trojan Horse | Disguised as legitimate software |
Spyware | Secretly monitors and collects information |
Adware | Displays unwanted advertisements |
Ransomware | Encrypts/restricts access to data and demands payment |
372
Multiple Choice
Which malware is most associated with encrypting files and demanding payment?
Worm
Ransomware
Adware
Spyware
373
Social Engineering
Starter Activity – Would You Trust This Message?
Imagine you receive this message:
URGENT! Your bank account will be blocked in 10 minutes. Click the link below to verify your account immediately.
Discuss with a partner:
What would you do after receiving this message?
Why might someone click the link?
What could happen if the link leads to a fake website?
What should you check before responding?
374
Multiple Choice
What is the main purpose of a message claiming that a bank account will be blocked in 10 minutes?
To help the user update their account safely
To pressure the user into acting without checking
To improve the user's internet connection
To install a genuine software update
375
What Is Social Engineering?
Social engineering is the manipulation of people into breaking normal security procedures or behaving in ways that compromise security.
Instead of relying only on technical weaknesses in a computer system, a cybercriminal takes advantage of human behaviour.
The criminal may pretend to be:
A bank employee
A school administrator
An IT support technician
A delivery company representative
A trusted friend or colleague
376
What Is Social Engineering?
How Does It Work?
The criminal creates a believable situation.
The victim believes the situation is genuine.
The victim is persuaded to take an action.
The action may expose personal information, install malware, or give the criminal access to an account or device.
377
What Is Social Engineering?
Real-Life Example
A person receives a call from someone claiming to work for their internet service provider. The caller says that the connection has a security problem and asks the person to install a remote-access application.
If the person follows the instructions, the caller may gain control of the device or access information visible on it.
378
Multiple Choice
What is the main feature of social engineering?
It always requires physically damaging a computer.
It only attacks computer hardware.
It manipulates people into compromising security.
It automatically improves password security.
379
Why Is Social Engineering Effective?
Social engineering works because people sometimes make decisions based on emotions, pressure, or assumptions instead of checking the facts.
Cybercriminals may try to make victims:
Act quickly without thinking.
Trust someone who appears authoritative.
Click a link because they are curious.
Reveal information to someone who sounds genuine.
Download a file because they are afraid of a supposed threat.
380
Why Is Social Engineering Effective?
Example
A student receives an email stating:
“Your school account will be permanently deleted today. Log in immediately to restore access.”
The student may panic and click the link without checking the website address.
The website may be designed to steal the student's username and password.
381
Why Is Social Engineering Effective?
Important Point
A social engineering message does not need to look suspicious. It may contain a familiar logo, correct spelling, or details that make it appear authentic.
Discuss the difference between what a message claims and what can actually be verified. Students should learn to pause, check the source independently, and avoid using links supplied in unexpected messages.
382
Multiple Choice
Why might a person click a suspicious link even when it could be dangerous?
They may be frightened or pressured to act quickly.
All links in messages are automatically safe.
Clicking links prevents malware.
Social engineering only works on computers without screens.
383
The Five Common Types of Social Engineering Threats
Type | How it works | Human weakness exploited |
|---|---|---|
Instant messaging | Malicious links are sent through chat messages | Curiosity or urgency |
Scareware | Fake security warnings encourage the user to download software | Fear |
Emails/phishing scams | Fake emails direct users to malicious links or request information | Trust |
Baiting | An attractive offer or infected physical item tempts the victim | Curiosity or desire for a reward |
Phone calls | A caller impersonates a trusted person or technical professional | Fear, trust, or authority |
384
The Five Common Types of Social Engineering Threats
ExampleA cybercriminal may use a WhatsApp message to send a fake prize link, an email to imitate a bank, or a phone call to pretend to be technical support. Although the methods differ, the goal is similar: persuade the victim to take an unsafe action. |
|---|
Notes
Ask students to match each threat with its main method of communication. Clarify that the same scam may combine more than one method. For example, a fake email may be followed by a phone call.
385
Multiple Choice
Which of the following is not one of the five types listed in the textbook?
Baiting
Scareware
Instant messaging
Data compression
386
Threat 1 – Instant Messaging
What Is It?
Instant messaging social engineering occurs when a cybercriminal sends a deceptive message through a chat application or messaging service.
The message may contain a malicious link or attachment.
It may claim to offer:
A software upgrade
A free gift
A prize or discount
An urgent document
A video or photograph that the recipient wants to see
387
Example: WhatsApp Software Update Scam
A user receives this message:
“Your WhatsApp is outdated. Download this special update now to unlock new features.”
The link leads to an unofficial website that asks the user to install an unknown application.
The application may contain malware.
How Can Users Stay Safe?
Do not install software from unexpected chat links.
Download applications through official app stores or verified websites.
Confirm unexpected messages with the sender through another trusted method.
Do not share passwords or verification codes in response to messages.
388
Example: WhatsApp Software Update Scam
Teacher Notes
Explain that an account displaying a friend's name or photograph does not guarantee that the message is genuine. An account may have been compromised or impersonated.
Ask students to identify the suspicious feature in the example: the unexpected download link and the promise of special features.
389
Multiple Choice
A student receives a chat message containing an unexpected link to install a software update. What is the safest action?
Install it immediately.
Forward it to the whole class.
Verify the update through an official source.
Enter their password on the linked website.
390
Threat 2 – Scareware
What Is Scareware?
Scareware is deceptive software or a fake security warning designed to frighten users into taking an unsafe action.
It often displays alarming messages such as:
“Your computer is infected!”
“Your files are at risk!”
“Five viruses detected!”
“Install this antivirus immediately!”
The warning may encourage the user to download fake antivirus software, pay for unnecessary services, or reveal personal information.
391
Threat 2 – Scareware
How Does It Work?
A pop-up appears while the user is browsing.
The message claims that the device is infected.
The user becomes frightened.
The user downloads software or follows payment instructions.
The software may install malware or steal information.
392
Threat 2 – Scareware
Real-Life Example
A student is researching a project when a pop-up claims that their laptop has 12 viruses. It provides a button labelled “Clean Now.”
The student clicks it and downloads a fake security application, which may itself be malicious.
393
Multiple Choice
Scareware mainly relies on which human emotion?
Fear
Boredom
Pride
Happiness
394
Threat 3 – Emails and Phishing Scams
What Is Phishing?
Phishing is a form of deception in which a criminal pretends to be a trustworthy organisation or person to trick users into revealing information or visiting a malicious website.
A phishing email may appear to come from:
A bank
A delivery company
A school
A social media platform
An online shopping website
395
Threat 3 – Emails and Phishing Scams
How Does a Phishing Scam Work?
The victim receives an email that appears genuine.
The email may claim that an account needs verification.
The victim clicks a link.
The link opens a fake website.
The victim enters information such as a password or bank details.
The criminal may use the stolen information to access accounts or commit fraud.
396
Threat 3 – Emails and Phishing Scams
Real-Life Example
An email claims to be from a courier company:
“Your parcel cannot be delivered. Pay a small fee using the link below.”
The link opens a fake payment page that requests card details.
Warning Signs
Unexpected requests for passwords or payment details
Urgent or threatening language
Unusual sender addresses
Links leading to unfamiliar domains
Unexpected attachments
Remember: a convincing logo and professional-looking layout do not prove that an email is genuine.
397
Threat 3 – Emails and Phishing Scams
Teacher Notes
Explain that phishing is a specific type of social engineering. Social engineering is the broader technique; phishing is one method of applying it.
Demonstrate how to inspect a sender address and verify a website without clicking a suspicious link.
398
Multiple Choice
What is the main purpose of a phishing website?
To improve the speed of a computer
To collect information by deceiving the user
To repair damaged hardware
To back up the user's files automatically
399
Threat 4 – Baiting
What Is Baiting?
Baiting is a social engineering technique in which a criminal tempts a victim with something attractive or interesting to persuade them to take an unsafe action.
The bait may be:
A free gift
A prize
A discount
A free download
A physical object, such as a USB memory stick
400
Threat 4 – Baiting
Example 1: Infected USB Memory Stick
A criminal leaves a USB memory stick in a school computer laboratory.
A student finds it and plugs it into a school computer to discover who owns it.
The device may contain malicious files or exploit a security weakness, potentially infecting the computer or exposing data.
Example 2: Fake Prize
A message claims that a person has won a smartphone. To claim the prize, they must pay a delivery fee and provide their card details.
The prize does not exist. The criminal wants the victim's information or money.
401
Threat 4 – Baiting
How to Stay Safe
Never plug an unknown USB device into a computer.
Do not trust offers simply because they appear attractive.
Verify prize notifications through official channels.
Follow school or workplace procedures for found devices.
402
Multiple Choice
A student plugs an unknown USB memory stick into a school computer to find out what is on it. Which threat does this best illustrate?
Baiting
Encryption
Data compression
Ethical hacking
403
Threat 5 – Phone Calls
How Does Phone-Based Social Engineering Work?
A cybercriminal calls a victim and pretends to be someone trustworthy or authoritative.
The caller may claim to be:
An IT support professional
A bank representative
A mobile network employee
A government official
A delivery company representative
The caller may say that the victim's account or device has been compromised and must be fixed immediately.
404
Threat 5 – Phone Calls
Real-Life Example: Fake IT Support
A caller tells a teacher:
“I am from the school's IT department. Your computer has a serious security issue. Install this remote-support application and read me the access code.”
If the teacher follows the instructions, the caller may gain remote access to the device.
Another Example: Fake Bank Call
A caller claims that suspicious activity has been detected on an account and asks the victim to disclose a one-time password (OTP).
The criminal may use that code to approve a transaction or access an account.
405
Threat 5 – Phone Calls
Safety Rules
Do not disclose passwords, PINs, or OTPs to unexpected callers.
End suspicious calls and contact the organisation using an independently verified number.
Never install remote-access software at an unknown caller's request.
Do not assume a familiar phone number or caller ID proves identity; these can sometimes be spoofed.
406
Threat 5 – Phone Calls
Safety Rules
Do not disclose passwords, PINs, or OTPs to unexpected callers.
End suspicious calls and contact the organisation using an independently verified number.
Never install remote-access software at an unknown caller's request.
Do not assume a familiar phone number or caller ID proves identity; these can sometimes be spoofed.
407
Multiple Choice
A caller pretending to be from IT support asks a user to install remote-access software. What should the user do?
Follow the instructions because the caller sounds professional.
Share all passwords to help the caller.
Verify the request independently before taking any action.
Disable all security software.
408
Human Emotions Exploited by Social Engineering
Cybercriminals often exploit three broad human responses highlighted in the textbook.
1. Fear
The victim believes something bad is about to happen.
Example: “Your account will be permanently blocked unless you act now.”
The victim may act quickly without checking the warning.
409
Human Emotions Exploited by Social Engineering
2. Curiosity
The victim wants to discover something interesting or unusual.
Example: “See this secret video” or an unknown USB memory stick found in a corridor.
The victim may click a link or connect the device to satisfy their curiosity.
3. Empathy and Trust
The victim believes that a person or organisation is genuine, helpful, or deserving of assistance.
Example: Someone pretends to be a bank employee who wants to
410
Multiple Choice
A message says, “You have won a free laptop. Click here to claim it.” Which response is most likely being exploited?
Curiosity and desire for a reward
Knowledge of programming
Understanding of encryption
Experience with databases
411
Empathy and Trust – Why They Can Be Dangerous
What Is Trust-Based Manipulation?
People naturally trust familiar names, official-looking logos, professional language, or someone who appears to be helping them.
Cybercriminals exploit this behaviour by impersonating trusted people and organisations.
412
Empathy and Trust – Why They Can Be Dangerous
Example 1: School Email
A student receives an email that appears to come from a teacher asking them to sign in to view an examination timetable. The link leads to a fake login page.
Example 2: Delivery Message
A person receives a message using a courier company's logo. It requests a small fee to release a parcel.
Example 3: Friend's Account
A person receives a message from a friend's compromised social media account asking for money urgently.
413
Empathy and Trust – Why They Can Be Dangerous
How to Check Before Trusting
Check the full sender address, not just the display name.
Verify unexpected requests through another communication channel.
Visit the organisation's official website directly.
Do not share verification codes or confidential information.
Be suspicious of requests that bypass normal procedures.
414
Multiple Choice
Why is an official-looking logo not enough to prove that an email is genuine?
Logos cannot be displayed in emails.
Cybercriminals can copy logos and imitate organisations.
All official emails contain spelling mistakes.
Logos automatically install malware.
415
Social Engineering and Hacking – Are They the Same?
Social Engineering: The criminal manipulates a person into taking an unsafe action.
Examples:
Tricking a user into revealing a password
Persuading a user to install malware
Directing a user to a fake website
Hacking In the context of this textbook, hacking refers to gaining unauthorised access to a computer system or account.
Examples:
Exploiting a software vulnerability to enter a system
Using stolen credentials to access an account without permission
416
Social Engineering and Hacking – Are They the Same?
Important Difference
Social engineering does not necessarily involve directly breaking into a computer system.
A criminal may deceive a user into voluntarily giving access or information. The access is obtained through manipulation.
However, social engineering can be used as part of a wider cyberattack, and stolen credentials can later be used for unauthorised access.
417
Social Engineering and Hacking – Are They the Same?
Social engineering | Direct technical attack |
|---|---|
Targets human behaviour | Targets a technical weakness or system |
Uses deception and manipulation | May exploit software, network, or configuration weaknesses |
Example: fake bank email | Example: exploiting a vulnerable service |
Can lead to unauthorised access | Can also lead to unauthorised access |
418
Multiple Choice
Which statement best distinguishes social engineering from a direct technical attack?
Social engineering manipulates people into compromising security.
Social engineering only damages computer screens.
Direct technical attacks never affect data.
Social engineering cannot be used in cybercrime.
419
How Social Engineering Can Introduce Malware
What Is the Connection?
Malware is malicious software designed to harm a device, disrupt operations, or gain unauthorised access to information.
Social engineering can persuade users to install or run malware themselves.
420
How Social Engineering Can Introduce Malware
Other Possible Connections
A phishing email may contain a malicious attachment.
A fake software update may install a Trojan horse.
An infected USB device may introduce malware.
A fake technical-support call may persuade a user to install remote-access software.
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How Social Engineering Can Introduce Malware
Important Point
Social engineering is a method of manipulating people. Malware is software. A social engineering attack may lead to malware installation, but not every social engineering attack requires malware.
For example, a victim may simply be tricked into entering their password on a fake website.
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Multiple Choice
Which statement is correct?
Every social engineering attack must install malware.
Social engineering can persuade a user to install malware.
Malware only spreads through phone calls.
Phishing and malware always mean exactly the same thing.
423
Stage 1 – Identify the Victim and Gather Information
What Happens at Stage 1?
The cybercriminal identifies a potential victim, gathers information, and decides which method of attack to use.
The criminal may try to discover:
The victim's name and role
Their workplace or school
The services they use
Their publicly available contact details
Which type of message may appear believable to them
The textbook describes this as the stage where the victim is identified and the attack method is decided.
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Stage 1 – Identify the Victim and Gather Information
Example: Targeting a School Employee
A criminal learns from public information that a school uses an online learning platform.
The criminal decides to create a fake email claiming that the employee's learning-platform account needs to be verified.
Why Is This Stage Important?
An attack may appear more convincing when the message is relevant to the victim's circumstances.
425
Multiple Choice
What is the main purpose of Stage 1 in a typical social engineering attack?
To remove all traces of the attack
To identify the victim and plan the attack
To repair the victim's computer
To restore the victim's files
426
Stage 2 – Target the Victim
What Happens at Stage 2?
The cybercriminal contacts or approaches the victim using the chosen method.
Possible methods include:
Email
Phone calls
Instant messages
Fake websites
Malicious attachments
Deceptive downloads
The attacker attempts to make the message or situation appear believable.
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Stage 2 – Target the Victim
Example: Fake Account Warning
A student receives an email that appears to come from the school administration.
The email says that the student's account will be suspended unless they sign in through a supplied link.
The student is now being targeted. The attacker is attempting to persuade them to act.
Key Point
At this stage, the victim may not yet have given away information or installed malware. The criminal is trying to persuade the victim to do so.
428
Multiple Choice
A criminal sends a fake school email to a student asking them to verify their password. Which stage does this best represent?
. Stage 1 – Identify and plan
Stage 2 – Target the victim
Stage 3 – Execute the attack
Stage 4 – Cover the tracks
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Stage 3 – Execute the Attack
What Happens at Stage 3?
The victim takes the action that allows the criminal to achieve their objective.
Depending on the attack, the victim may:
Enter login credentials on a fake website
Reveal confidential information
Install malicious software
Open a malicious attachment
Grant access to a device or account
Make a fraudulent payment
The criminal may then steal information, access an account, install malware, or disrupt operations.
430
Stage 3 – Execute the Attack
Example: Fake Technical Support
A caller claims that a laptop has a security problem.
The caller persuades the user to install remote-access software.
The user provides access details.
The caller uses the access to view files or perform unauthorised actions.
The attack is executed when the victim's actions enable the criminal to carry out the planned attack.
431
Multiple Choice
In a phishing attack, which action most clearly represents the execution of the attack?
The criminal decides whom to target.
The criminal researches the organisation.
The victim enters their password on the fake website.
The victim receives a genuine school notice.
432
Stage 4 – Cover the Tracks
What Happens at Stage 4?
After attempting to achieve their objective, a cybercriminal may try to hide evidence of the attack.
The textbook describes this as an attempt to remove traces of malware and cover the criminal's tracks.
Depending on the attack, this may involve attempts to:
Delete evidence of unauthorised activity
Remove or hide malicious files
Conceal changes made to a system
Make it harder for investigators to identify what happened
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Stage 4 – Cover the Tracks
Example
After gaining unauthorised access to a compromised computer, a criminal attempts to delete evidence of the activity to make detection more difficult.
Important Point
This stage does not always occur, and criminals do not always succeed in hiding their actions. Security logs, backups, monitoring systems, and forensic investigations may reveal evidence of an attack.
434
Multiple Choice
What is the purpose of Stage 4 in the textbook's attack model?
To identify the victim
To send the first message
To persuade the victim to click a link
To try to hide evidence of the attack
435
The Four Stages – Complete Example
Scenario: Fake Delivery Fee
A person receives an email claiming that a parcel cannot be delivered until a small fee is paid.
Stage 1 – Identify and plan
The criminal identifies a potential victim and chooses a delivery-themed scam.
Stage 2 – Target the victim
The criminal sends an email containing a fake delivery notification and payment link.
Stage 3 – Execute the attack
The victim opens the link and enters card details on a fake payment website.
Stage 4 – Cover the tracks
The criminal may attempt to hide evidence of their activity after obtaining the information.
436
How Can Social Engineering Be Prevented?
1. Pause Before Acting
Be cautious of messages that demand immediate action or threaten serious consequences.
2. Verify the Sender
Check the sender's full email address and confirm unusual requests using an independently verified contact method.
3. Avoid Suspicious Links
Do not click unexpected links or open attachments merely because the message looks official.
4. Protect Confidential Information
Never disclose passwords, PINs, or OTPs to unexpected callers or messages.
437
How Can Social Engineering Be Prevented?
5. Use Trusted Software Sources
Download applications from official app stores or verified websites.
6. Be Careful with Unknown USB Devices
Do not connect unknown memory sticks to personal or school computers.
7. Use Security Tools
Keep operating systems and applications updated, use reputable security software, and maintain suitable firewall settings.
8. Report Suspicious Activity
Follow school or workplace reporting procedures if a suspicious link is clicked or information is disclosed.
438
Multiple Choice
Which action provides the best protection against an unexpected request for a password?
Trust the message if it contains a logo.
Verify the request independently and do not enter credentials through the suspicious link.
Forward the message to friends.
Reply with the password to check whether the sender is genuine.
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Starter – Who Should Access This Data?
Imagine a hospital computer system containing patients' medical records.
Different people work in the hospital:
A doctor
A receptionist
A cleaner
An IT administrator
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Starter – Who Should Access This Data?
Discuss with a partner:
Should all four people have access to every patient's medical records?
Who needs to read medical information?
Who might need to update patient records?
Why should some information be restricted?
Real-life example: A hospital receptionist may need to view appointment details, while a consultant needs access to medical history and test results. A cleaner generally does not need access to either.
441
Multiple Choice
Why should different hospital employees have different levels of access?
To make every employee use a different computer
To ensure users only access the information needed for their roles
To prevent doctors from reading medical records
To remove the need for passwords
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What Are Access Levels?
Definition: Access levels determine which data and functions a user is permitted to access in a computer system.
A computer system may use a username and password to identify a user and then apply permissions associated with that account.
Example: School Management System
User | Possible access |
|---|---|
Student | View their own results |
Teacher | View and enter marks for assigned classes |
Head of Department | Review results and approve changes |
System administrator | Manage user accounts and system settings |
The exact permissions depend on the school's system.
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Why Are Access Levels Important?
They protect confidential information.
They reduce the risk of unauthorised changes.
They help prevent users from deleting important records.
They make it easier to control who can perform particular tasks.
444
Multiple Choice
What is the main purpose of access levels?
To increase internet speed
To control what users can access or do
To make passwords visible
To remove all user accounts
445
Access Rights in a Database
In a database, different users may have permission to perform different actions.
Three important access rights are:
Read: View or retrieve data.
Write: Add new data or make changes to existing data.
Delete: Remove data.
Some systems also have permissions to create tables, manage users, or change database settings.
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Access Rights in a Database
Real-Life Example: School Database
A teacher enters students' marks into a database.
A student can read their own published results.
A teacher can read and write marks for their assigned class.
An authorised administrator may delete incorrect test records according to school procedures.
Giving every user permission to delete all records would create unnecessary risk.
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Access Rights in a Database
Different Views of Data
A database can present different views to different users. For example, a teacher may see marks and attendance, while a student sees only their own results.
448
Multiple Choice
A student can view their examination result but cannot change it. Which permission do they have?
Delete only
Write only
Read
Administrator
449
Access Levels on Social Networks
Social networks allow users to control who can see particular information through privacy settings.
The textbook describes four access levels.
Access level | Who can see the information? |
|---|---|
Public | Anyone, including people who are not friends |
Friends | People accepted as friends |
Custom | A selected group, with specific people included or excluded |
Data owner | Only the owner can see the information |
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Access Levels on Social Networks
Real-Life Example
A student posts four types of content:
A public post about a school event.
A photograph shared with friends.
A personal update shared with selected friends.
A private note visible only to the student.
The student uses privacy settings to control the audience for each item.
Important Point
Privacy settings control visibility, but they cannot guarantee that information will remain secret. Someone who can view a post may take a screenshot or share it.
451
Multiple Choice
Which access level allows information to be seen by anyone?
Data owner
Custom
Friends
Public
452
Anti-Malware Software
Anti-malware is software designed to detect, block, or remove malicious software.
The two types highlighted in the textbook are:
Anti-virus software
Anti-spyware software
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Anti-Malware Software
Anti-Virus
Anti-virus software scans files, programs, and other areas of a device for known or suspicious threats. Depending on the software, it may block, quarantine, or remove detected malware.
Example: A student downloads an infected file. Security software detects the threat and quarantines the file before it can be opened.
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Anti-Malware Software
Anti-Spyware
Anti-spyware software focuses on detecting and removing spyware: software that secretly monitors activities or collects information.
Example: Anti-spyware software detects a suspicious program attempting to monitor a user's activity and alerts the user.
455
Anti-Malware Software
Modern Security Packages
A security package may combine anti-virus, anti-spyware, firewall, and other protection features.
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Multiple Choice
Which type of software is specifically intended to detect and remove spyware?
Word processor
Anti-spyware
Spreadsheet
Presentation software
457
How Does Anti-Spyware Detect Spyware?
The textbook identifies two detection methods.
1. Rules
The software checks for features or behaviours associated with spyware.
For example, it may detect a program displaying suspicious behaviour, such as attempting to collect information without appropriate permission.
2. File Structures
The software examines characteristics or patterns in a file that may be associated with known spyware.
These patterns can help identify suspicious files.
458
How Does Anti-Spyware Detect Spyware?
Real-Life Example
A user installs an application from an untrusted website. A security scan finds suspicious characteristics in the downloaded program and flags it for further inspection.
Important Point
Detection is not perfect. New or modified threats may avoid detection, and legitimate files may sometimes be flagged incorrectly. Security software needs regular updates.
459
Multiple Choice
According to the textbook, which two methods may anti-spyware use to identify spyware?
Rules and file structures
Printing and formatting
Copying and pasting
Sorting and filtering
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General Features of Anti-Spyware
The textbook lists several features associated with anti-spyware software.
Feature | Explanation |
|---|---|
Detect and remove spyware | Finds and removes detected spyware |
Prevent spyware downloads | Blocks or warns about suspicious downloads |
Protect information | Some security tools offer encryption or other protections for sensitive data |
Protect keyboard input | Some tools can reduce keylogging risks through specialised protections |
Protect webcam and microphone | Some tools restrict unauthorised access to these devices |
Warn about possible data theft | Some tools monitor for signs that personal information may be compromised |
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General Features of Anti-Spyware
Ask students to choose the most useful feature for each situation:
Suspicious downloaded program — detection and removal.
Unexpected webcam access — webcam protection.
A compromised password — change the password and secure the account, as well as scan the device.
462
Multiple Choice
Which feature can help prevent spyware from secretly accessing a webcam?
Increasing screen brightness
Blocking unauthorised webcam access
Changing the desktop wallpaper
Compressing photographs
463
What Is Authentication?
Authentication is the process of verifying that a user is who they claim to be.
Three common authentication factors:
1. SOMETHING YOU KNOW — password or PIN
2. SOMETHING YOU HAVE — registered phone, security key, or authentication device
3. SOMETHING UNIQUE TO YOU — fingerprint or facial characteristic
Example: a user enters a password and then approves a login request on their registered phone.
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Definition: Biometrics identifies a person using unique physical or behavioural characteristics.
Common biometric methods:
Fingerprint scanning
Retina scanning
Face recognition
Voice recognition
Real-life examples
Unlocking a smartphone with a fingerprint.
Using face recognition to enter a secure office.
Key point: Biometrics can be used to verify a user's identity before allowing access.
466
Multiple Choice
Which of the following is a biometric method?
467
How it works
The scanner captures the fingerprint pattern.
The system examines the distinctive ridges and valleys.
The captured data is compared with stored fingerprint data.
If the match meets the system's requirements, the user is recognised.
Benefits
Convenient and usually quick.
Fingerprints are distinctive.
Fingers cannot be forgotten or misplaced like access cards.
Drawbacks
Installation can be expensive.
Cuts, dirt or damaged skin may affect accuracy.
Some people have privacy or civil-liberties concerns.
Real-life example: An employee scans a finger to enter a restricted office.
468
Multiple Choice
What does a fingerprint scanner compare?
A. The user's typing speed
B. The ridges and valleys with stored data
C. The device's battery level
D. The user's email inbox
469
How it works
Infrared light is used to scan the unique pattern of blood vessels in the retina, at the back of the eye.
The captured pattern is compared with stored data.
A match allows the user to be recognised.
Benefits
Very high accuracy according to the textbook.
The retinal blood-vessel pattern is difficult to duplicate.
Drawbacks
Can feel intrusive or uncomfortable.
The user may need to remain still during scanning.
Equipment can be expensive and verification may take time.
Real-life example: A secure research laboratory uses retina scans to control entry.
470
Multiple Choice
Which pattern does a retina scanner examine?
The shape of the ear
Blood vessels at the back of the eye
The user's handwriting
The keyboard layout
471
Method | Benefits | Drawbacks |
|---|---|---|
Fingerprint | Convenient; familiar | Cuts or dirt may affect scanning |
Retina | Very high accuracy in the textbook example | Intrusive; expensive |
Face recognition | Easy and non-intrusive | Lighting, age, hair or glasses may affect results |
Voice recognition | Convenient; no physical contact | Recordings or illness may affect reliability |
Real-life example: A smartphone may use face or fingerprint recognition, while a secure facility may select a stricter method.
472
Multiple Choice
Which is a possible drawback of voice recognition?
A cold may change the user's voice
It always requires a retina scan
It cannot use a microphone
It is always perfectly accurate
473
A motion sensor detects a person and triggers the system.
The retina scanner captures the person's retina pattern.
An ADC converts the scanned analogue signal into digital data.
A microprocessor compares the data with a database.
If the data matches, a signal activates the door mechanism and the indicator turns green. Otherwise, entry is denied and the light stays red.
Key components: Retina scanner → ADC → microprocessor/database → DAC/actuator → security door.
474
Multiple Choice
What happens if the retina scan does not match the database?
The door unlocks automatically
Entry is denied and the light stays red
The database is deleted
A password is sent by email
475
Definition: Two-step verification uses two steps to help verify a user's identity.
Example: Buying a camera online
Kate enters her username and password.
A one-time passcode (OTP) is sent to her registered mobile phone.
Kate enters the code to complete verification.
Authentication factors
Password = something you know.
Registered mobile phone = something you have.
Why is it useful? If someone steals the password, they may still need the second verification step.
476
Multiple Choice
In this example, what does the registered mobile phone represent?
Something the user knows
Something the user is
Something the user has
A firewall
477
An OTP is a temporary code used for verification.
It may be sent to a registered phone or email address.
It can help verify a login or online transaction.
If a criminal obtains the code, they may be able to access an account or approve a transaction.
Real-life example: A person receives a code to approve an online payment, but an unexpected caller asks them to read it aloud.
Safe practice: Never share an OTP with an unexpected caller or message. Verify suspicious requests through the organisation's official app or contact details
478
Multiple Choice
An unexpected caller asks you to share your OTP. What should you do?
Share it if the caller knows your name.
Send it in a group chat.
Do not share it; verify the request independently.
Share it if the caller sounds professional.
479
Definition: Automatic software updates keep computer and mobile-device software up to date, sometimes installing updates at scheduled times.
Benefits
Security patches fix known weaknesses.
Bugs may be corrected.
Performance may improve.
New features may be added.
Possible drawback: An update can sometimes cause compatibility problems or disrupt the device.
Real-life example: A smartphone installs a security update overnight while it is charging
480
Multiple Choice
What is an important benefit of software updates?
They can install security patches.
They prevent every cyberattack.
They replace all passwords.
They guarantee that a device will never malfunction.
481
The user ensures the device is charged.
The update is scheduled and installation begins.
The system checks whether a restart is needed.
If required, the user may be warned before a restart.
The device restarts automatically or the user restarts it manually.
The update is completed.
Real-life example: A laptop installs updates after school and restarts before the next lesson.
482
Multiple Choice
Why might a device restart after a software update?
To complete installation of changes.
To change the user's fingerprint.
To make the screen larger
To block all websites.
483
Before opening an unexpected email link or attachment, check for warning signs.
Suspicious tone
“Act immediately or your account will be blocked!”
“Pay now to avoid losing your parcel.”
Requests that pressure you into acting without checking.
Spelling and grammar
Misspelled words may indicate a scam.
Incorrect grammar may be suspicious.
However, a well-written email can still be fraudulent.
Real-life example: An email claims that a bank account will be closed in ten minutes unless the recipient clicks a link.
484
Multiple Choice
Which is a warning sign in an unexpected email?
A message you were expecting.
A verified school timetable.
A demand to act immediately under threat.
A normal greeting by itself.
485
Inspect the full email address, especially the domain after the @ symbol.
Do not rely only on the sender's displayed name.
Check whether the domain matches the organisation's verified domain.
Be cautious of unexpected requests for passwords, payment details or account verification.
Example
An email claims to come from a bank, but its sender address uses an unrelated domain. This is a warning sign.
Safe action: Open the organisation's official website independently or contact it using a verified number
486
Multiple Choice
What should you inspect when checking an email sender?
Only the sender's display name.
Only the font colour.
The number of images in the email.
The full email address and domain.
487
Typo-squatting: Using a misspelled or lookalike domain to mislead users.
Examples from the textbook:
gougle.com — resembles Google.
amozon.com — resembles Amazon.
Other warning signs
The link's real destination does not match the message.
A payment request leads to an unrelated website.
The website address contains unexpected words or misspellings.
Real-life example: A fake shopping email directs a user to a lookalike website that asks for card details.
Important: HTTPS protects data in transit, but it does not prove that a website is genuine.
488
Multiple Choice
What is typo-squatting?
Using a lookalike or misspelled domain to mislead users.
Compressing a website image.
Updating a firewall.
Scanning a fingerprint.
489
Phishing is a scam in which an attacker impersonates a trusted person or organisation to steal information or direct users to a malicious website.
Look for these warning signs:
An unexpected request for payment or account verification.
An unusual sender address.
Threatening or urgent language.
A link leading to an unrelated domain.
A request for passwords, card details or verification codes.
Real-life example: A fake streaming-service email claims that a subscription payment failed and links to an unrelated billing website.
What should you do? Do not use the suspicious link. Verify the message through the official service and report it if appropriate
490
Multiple Choice
What is the main purpose of a phishing website?
To improve computer speed.
To deceive users into revealing information.
To repair hardware.
To update a device automatically.
491
Definition: A firewall is hardware or software that monitors and filters network traffic entering or leaving a computer or network.
Main functions
Checks incoming and outgoing traffic.
Allows or blocks connections according to rules.
Can warn users about suspicious connections.
May record traffic in logs for later investigation.
Real-life example: A home router blocks an unsolicited incoming connection from the internet.
492
Multiple Choice
What is the main role of a firewall?
To recognise fingerprints.
To filter network traffic using rules.
To create one-time passcodes.
To repair a broken keyboard.
493
A firewall can:
Examine incoming and outgoing network traffic.
Check whether traffic meets specified criteria.
Block traffic that fails those criteria.
Warn users or administrators about possible security issues.
Log network activity for later investigation.
Block connections to specified IP addresses.
Warn when software attempts to communicate externally, depending on its settings.
Real-life example: A firewall warns a user that an unfamiliar program is attempting to connect to an external server.
494
Multiple Choice
Why might a firewall keep a log of network traffic?
To change a user's voice.
To store fingerprint images.
To support later investigation.
To guarantee that all malware is removed
495
496
A firewall cannot prevent every security problem.
Bypassing controls: Someone may use an unauthorised connection or device to bypass network protections.
Human mistakes: Users may share passwords or misuse accounts.
Disabled protection: A user may disable a software firewall.
Other threats: A firewall alone cannot stop every phishing scam or unsafe action.
Real-life example: An employee is tricked into revealing a password over the phone. The firewall cannot prevent the employee from sharing it.
Key message: Effective cyber security combines firewalls, updates, secure authentication, policies and user awareness
497
What Is a Proxy Server?
A proxy server acts as an intermediary between a user's computer and a web server.
How it works
Process
The browser sends a request to the proxy.
The proxy checks the request against its rules.
If allowed, it forwards the request to the web server.
The response returns through the proxy to the user.
Real-life example: A school uses a proxy server to block access to selected websites on school computers.
498
499
Multiple Choice
What is the role of a proxy server?
A. It acts as an intermediary between the user and web server
B. It replaces the computer's operating system
C. It scans fingerprints
D. It physically repairs a network cable
500
A proxy server can:
Filter web traffic: Block selected websites or requests from specified IP addresses.
Hide the user's IP address from the destination server: The destination may see the proxy's IP address instead.
Prevent direct access: Requests pass through the proxy, where rules can be applied.
Provide an extra layer of protection: It can help filter malicious requests and reduce exposure to certain attacks.
Use a cache: Store copies of certain web resources to speed up repeat access.
Real-life example: If many students access the same permitted school webpage, a proxy cache may serve a stored copy rather than retrieve the same resource again.
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