Energy

Forms of Energy

Kinetic Energy

Energy associated with motion. Examples include a moving billiard

ball or flowing water.

Potential Energy

Energy associated with position or composition. Examples include

water behind a dam.

Thermal Energy

Energy related to the temperature of matter. It's the kinetic energy of

atoms and molecules.

Conservation of Energy

1

Initial State

Energy exists in a specific form or quantity within a

system.

2

Transformation

Energy changes form or transfers between objects, but

the total amount remains constant.

3
Final State

The system has the same total energy, but it may be in

different forms or locations.

Work in Chemistry

1

Force Application

A force is applied to an object or

system.

2

Distance Covered

The object or system moves over

a certain distance.

3

Work Done

The result is work, measured as

force multiplied by distance.

Energy Units

Unit

Symbol

Relation

Joule

J

SI unit of energy

Calorie

cal

1 cal = 4.184 J

Kilowatt-hour

kWh

1 kWh = 3.6 × 10^6

J

Kinetic Energy in Depth

Definition

Kinetic energy is the energy of

motion. It depends on an object's

mass and velocity.

Formula

KE = 1/2 × mass × velocity^2. This

shows the quadratic relationship

with speed.

Examples

A rolling ball, a car in motion, and

molecules in a gas all possess

kinetic energy.

Potential Energy Types

Gravitational

Energy due to an object's position in a

gravitational field.

Elastic

Energy stored in stretched or compressed

objects like springs.

Chemical

Energy stored in chemical bonds between

atoms.

Electrical

Energy due to the position of charged

particles in an electric field.

Energy in Chemical Reactions

1

Exothermic Reactions

These reactions release energy to the surroundings, often as heat.

2

Endothermic Reactions

These reactions absorb energy from the surroundings.

3

Activation Energy

The minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to occur.

4

Catalysts

Substances that lower the activation energy, speeding up

reactions.