Capturing students' interest, assessing students’ prior knowledge, and establishing the topic for investigation

encourage discussion, questioning, and investigation with materials to construct tentative understanding of the topic.

asking students to describe and explain their understanding, and leading discussions to help students refine their constructions.

-extending students’ conceptualization through providing new experiences and opportunity for deeper investigation, and guiding students toward the next topic

asking students to access their understandings and evaluating students’ progress.