Monomer vs. Polymer

• Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together.

– Monomers are the individual subunits.
– Polymers are made of many monomers.

Quickly! - Write this down

1. How could understanding carbohydrate use help athletes plan their meals before competitions?
   

2. How can you compare the function of lipids in cells to the function of a winter coat for humans?
   
   

​This is our EXIT TICKET!

Characteristics of Carbon
Include:

Carbon forms: strong and stable bonds.

Carbon can form bonds with other
___________ as well as a variety of
____________ such as
______________________
_________________.

carbon atoms
other elements
oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen,
sulfur and phosphorus

Carbon can form chains
that are almost unlimited
in size. Carbon can form

chains or rings.

Macromolecules

Many of the molecules in
living cells are so ______
that they are known as
_______________. This
means “______________”.

large

macromolecules

giant molecules

Macromolecules
are made from
thousands of

smaller

molecules.

The four groups of organic compounds

found in living things are:

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Characteristics of Carbohydrates

These compounds are made up of
___________________________

in a ratio of _____.

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

1:2:1

Look at the top picture. Count the
number of carbon atoms you see.

Now count the number of hydrogen
atoms you see.

Finally, count the number of oxygen atom
you see. What is the formula? C6H12O6

C6H12O6

C6H12O6

Now do the same thing for the bottom
picture.

Examples of carbohydrates are:
sugars, starches, and celluloses.

The carbohydrates are
known as the “quick
energy” foods
because they are very
quickly converted to
energy by the cells.

There are two main functions of carbohydrates:

Living things use carbohydrates as
their main source of energy.

Some plants and animals use
carbohydrates for structural
purposes. (Cell Walls)

The smaller molecules that make up the
carbohydrates are…...

…..simple sugars such as glucose.

Carbon-Based Molecules

Can you pronounce this word? --- "Saccharides" = Sugar.

• Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and

oxygen.

– Carbohydrates include

sugars and starches.

– Monosaccharides are

simple sugars.

– Polysaccharides include

starches, cellulose, and
glycogen.

The
Sugars

Carbohydrates are classified according to …

…the number of sugar molecules they contain.

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides

Monosaccharides
contain only one
molecule of sugar.

Disaccharides are composed of 2 molecules of sugar
bonded together.

Polysaccharides are
composed of many molecules of sugar bonded together.

Three Common Polysaccharides

Starch

Only found in plants.

This is the way
that plants store
excess glucose.

Many, many
molecules of glucose are bonded together to form starch.

Only found in animals.

This is the way that animals store
excess glucose.

The liver bonds
together many, many molecules of glucose to form glycogen.

Cellulose is the stringy,
fibrous material found in the cell wall of plants.

It gives strength to
the plant cell wall.

Cellulose is the major component of wood and paper.

Glycogen

Cellulose

Carbon-Based Molecules

• Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide

energy for cells.

• Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure.

Polymer (starch)

Starch is a polymer of
glucose monomers that
often has a branched
structure.

Polymer (cellulose)

Cellulose is a polymer
of glucose monomers
that has a straight, rigid
structure

monomer

Lipids

Examples of lipids are fats,
oils, and waxes.

These compounds are generally
not soluble in water.

Lipids contain the elements ______,
___________________, but not in the
_____ ratio seen in the sugars.

carbon

hydrogen and oxygen
1:2:1

There are two building blocks of
lipids: fatty acids and glycerol

A lipid has: one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acid tails.

Circle and label the glycerol molecule in each of the above drawings.

glycerol

glycerol

Label the three fatty acid tails in each drawing.

<-fatty->

acid

<-fatty->

acid

<-fatty->

acid

Uses of Lipids

They are used to store energy for a long time

They are an important part of the cell membrane. They help let things in and out of the cell.

They form waterproof coverings on feathers, fruits, leaves, etc.

They cushion and insulate the internal organs.

Carbon-Based Molecules

• Lipids have several different functions.

– broken down as a source of long-term energy
– make up cell membranes

– used to make hormones

Bonus Round!

Who is REALLY understanding this new material?

Answer these questions now.

1. Because I know about carbohydrate use, athletes eat foods like ____________ before their competition because __________

2. The function of a lipid is comparable to the function of a winter coat because they both ___________
   

​This is our EXIT TICKET!