Verbals

Gerunds are verb forms ending in –ing (v + ing) used as nouns. They are identical to the present participle in form but differ in function. A gerund plus a word or words makes gerund phrases.
Examples of gerunds:
speaking, jogging, skimming, listening, jumping, reading
Gerund phrase:
speaking to elders, listening to music, skimming the text, reading novels

A gerund or gerund phrase functions as noun. They can be used as:
Sentences Subject of the sentence: Reading is a very productive hobby.
Subjective complement or a predicate noun: Studying is searching for the unknown.
Direct object: My sister Lucia dislikes eating sweets.
Object of the preposition: He was reprimanded for writing on the classroom wall.
Subject appositive: My mother's passion, painting, makes her happy and fulfilled.

Infinitives are verbals introduced by the preposition to + simple or base form of the verb. They are used as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. When used as a noun, it functions as a subject, predicate nominative/predicate noun, direct object, object of a preposition, and as appositive.
Examples of Infinitives:
to respect to observe to travel to be to wear to take
Infinitives phrase:
to respect parents to observe silence to be a contestant to wear a smile

1. Infinitive used as a noun Sentences
As subject
To wear a smile when upset is difficult.
As predicate nominative/predicate noun
To obey is to listen.
As direct object
My friend likes to paint about nature.
As object of a preposition
Because he is new to the school and has no one to talk to, Carlos was about to transfer to other school where his previous classmates are.

As appositive
His father gave him a choice, to learn to adjust.
2. Infinitive used as an adjective
The first persons to know about his/her child behavior are the parents.
3. Infinitive used as an adverb
They are responsible to look after their children's well-being specially when they are at home.

Participles are verbal adjectives. They are used to describe nouns and pronouns. There are two (2) kinds of participles: the present participle and the past participle.

a. The present participle is formed by adding the suffix –ing to the present tense of the verb.
Examples: motivate - motivating comfort - comforting motivating factor ; comforting words
My family is my motivating factor to work hard.

b. The past participles of regular verbs are formed by adding -d or –ed to the present tense of the verbs.
Examples: mark – marked – marked identify - identified - identified marked – marked items identified - identified object
Only those marked items are for sale.

c. The past participles of some irregular verbs are the same as their present tense and past tense forms.
Examples: read – read - read cut – cut - cut read – read article cut – cut score
My friend is still grateful to know that he was able to make it even to the cut score.

d. The past participles of some irregular verbs are the same as their past tense form.
Examples: steal – stole - stolen build – built - built stole - stolen identity built – built relationship
The man is on the run because of his stolen identity.

e. The past participles of some irregular verbs change their forms or spellings.
Examples: fall – fell – fallen break– broke – broken fallen – fallen star broken - broken glass
She was able to step on the broken glass.