Sun

Soil

Carbon dioxide

Chlorophyll

through the vascular system

through the thylakoids

through the chloroplasts

through the stomata

Stroma

Thylakoid membrane

Stomata

Thylakoid lumen

At night, no water is available for the Calvin cycle.

The Calvin cycle requires products only produced when the photosystems are illuminated.

Carbon dioxide concentrations decrease at night.

Plants usually open their stomata at night.

Stroma

Matrix

Stoma

Thylakoid Membrane

CO2 is reduced

Photons are absorbed

Excited electrons are conveyed from chlorophyll to an electron acceptor.

ATP and NADPH are synthesized.

the five-carbon sugar molecule that reacts with CO₂ to begin the Calvin cycle

the enzyme in plants that captures CO₂ to begin the Calvin cycle

the first stable intermediate in C₄ photosynthesis

the enzyme responsible for splitting H₂O to produce O₂ in photosynthesis

two two-carbon compounds to form a five-carbon compound

a two-carbon compound to form a three-carbon compound

a five-carbon compound to form a stable six-carbon compound that can be converted directly to glucose

a five-carbon compound to form an unstable six-carbon compound, which decomposes into two three-carbon compounds

The light reactions produce ATP and NADPH, both of which are used in the Calvin cycle.

The light reactions produce carbon dioxide and water, both of which are used in the Calvin cycle.

The light reactions produce carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH, all of which are used in the Calvin cycle.

The light reactions produce water, ATP, and NADPH, all of which are used in the Calvin cycle.

They suspend photosynthesis in the heat.

Unlike C₃ plants, they keep fixing carbon dioxide even when the concentration of carbon dioxide in the leaf is low.

They do not close their stomata in hot, dry weather.

They evolved in cold weather but migrated to the tropics, where they were more suitable.