Geology

ROCK FORMING MINERALS are formed by more unusual processes.

*ORE FORMING MINERALS

It results from the interaction between light and the minerals.

*COLOR

Interaction for color includes:

*transmission, refraction, reflection, scattering, or

absorption.

Can be due to the stain or impurities in the minerals.

*COLOR

Hardness indicate that mineral has undergone peculiar phenomena.

*Color

Development of series of prismatic colors by turning about in light

*PLAY OF COLORS:

Similar to play of colors but slower rotation.

*CHANGE OF COLORS:

Show rainbow colors either in the interior or on the surface

*IRIDESCENE

Color of mineral powder

*STREAK

Nearly constant than the color

*Streak

Determined by marking unglazed porcelain or simply by scratching with a knife and

observing the powder color.

*STREAK

Defined as the shining efficiency of a mineral, due to the intensity of light from its surface.

*LUSTRE

Streak is the description of how much a mineral reflects light.

*Lustre

Denote the shape and form of minerals.

*STRUCTURE AND FORM (HABIT)

Elongated in one direction like prism.

*PRISMATIC

Tabular or plate like shape.

*TABULAR

Possess approximately same side length in every direction.

*EQUANT

Edges are fully developed but interior spaces are

not filled; hollow

*HOPPER

Fine, feathery scales resembling plumes.

*PLUMOSE

Blade like structure, elongated, flat crystals like knife blades.

*BLADED

Thin sheets, flakes, or scales.

*FOLIATED

Crystal aggregates resembling long, slender needles, hair or threadlike fibers

*FIBROUS

Aggregate of crystals forming a network or

lattice.

*RETICULATED

Composed of branches which radiate star like from a central point.

*STELLATED

Divergent branching and treelike mineral growth.

*DENDRITIC

Thick or thin column-like structure;

*COLUMNAR or STALACTITIC

Thin, flat sheets or flakes that easily peels or split off a larger mass

*MICACEOUS

Contains many long, slender crystals which may radiate like needles or bristles from common
base; long narrow like pine leaf.

*ACICULAR

Exhibits many hairs like or threadlike filaments.

*FILIFORM

Fibrous diverging from central points.

*RADIATED

Made of separable plates; feathery or delicate aggregates.

*LAMELLAR

Spherical, rounded or bulbous shape.

*COLLOFORM

An aggregate-like bunch of grapes or globular.

*BOTRYOIDAL

Kidney shaped aggregate.

*RENIFORM

display soft, rounded curves

*MAMILLARY

Display shallow parallel grooves or lines along flat crystal faces.

*STRIATED

Densely packed grains.

*GRANULAR

No definite shape for minerals; large and lumpy.

*MASSIVE

Resistance of minerals to abrasion or scratching.

*HARDNESS

Measured relative to a scale of ten of minerals

*HARDNESS

The density of the mineral compared to the density of water.

*SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Metallic minerals have low SG.

*high

Non-metallic minerals have high SG.

*low

Tendency of a crystallized mineral to break along certain definite planes yielding more or less
smooth surfaces.

*CLEAVAGE

3 cleavages

*Cubic

6 cleavage

*Dodecahedral

4 cleavages

*octahedral

1 cleavage

*Basal

A general term that describes the way a mineral breaks or cracks in directions unrelated to weak
atomic bonding.

*FRACTURE

Concentric rings or curved surface.

*CONCHOIDAL

smooth and flat

*EVEN

irregular surface

*UNEVEN

breaks with a rough

*SPLINTERY

Behavior of mineral when deformed or broken

*TENACITY

Minerals may be cut with a knife

*SECTILITY

The mineral may be pounded out into thin sheets

*MALLEABILITY

The mineral breaks or powders easily

*BRITTLENESS

Regains former shape as pressure is released

*ELASTICITY

Mineral may be drawn into a wire; tough as well

*DUCTILITY

Mineral will not go back to original position when released

*PLASTICITY

The science concerned with the formation, properties, and structure of crystals.

*CRYSTALLOGRAPHY

Deals with the geometric forms of crystals.

*CRYSTALLOGRAPHY

Also called as Mineral Habits.

*MINERAL CRYSTAL SYSTEM

Refers to the way crystals form within a specific mineral.

*MINERAL CRYSTAL SYSTEM

Internal atomic arrangement of mineral manifested outwardly by development of

geometrical shapes or crystal characters.

*CRYSTAL FORMS

Mineral occurs in the form of well-defined crystals

*Crystallized

Shows absolutely no signs or evidence of crystallization.

*Amorphous

Well-defined crystals are absent but a tendency towards crystallization is present.

*Crystalline

Describes the repetition of structural features.

*SYMMETRY

Periodic repetition of structural feature across a length or through an area or volume.

*Translational Symmetry

Periodic repetition of structural feature at a point

*Point Symmetry

Reflection, rotation, and inversion are examples of Translational Symmetry.

*Point Symmetry

Directly related to translational symmetry.

*LATTICES

Lattice is a network or array composed of triple motif that has been translated and repeated at
fixed

intervals throughout the space.

*single

There are only fourteen (14) different lattices that may be formed in a 3D space.

*Bravais Lattice

▪Divided into six (6) crystal systems.

*Bravais Lattice

Three types of Bravais Lattice

*Primitive, Face centered, Body-centered

All minerals form crystals in one of the systems and are defined by a combination of three
factors.

*CRYSTAL SYSTEMS

Three factors that defines the Crystal System.

*Number of axis, Length of axis, Angles the axes meet

Axis A is usually the shortest, while C is the longest axis.

*True

Set of faces that are geometrically equivalent and whose spatial positions are related to one
another according to symmetry.

*CRYSTAL FORMS

Each crystal systems may obtain the same crystal forms.

*Different

Enumerate the types of Crystal forms:

*Monohedron, Prism, Scalenohedron, Parallelohedron, Pyramid, Rhombhohedron, Dihedron,
Dipyramid , Tetrahedron, Disphenoid, Trapezohedron

German “quarz” meaning certain origin.

*uncertain

An important rock forming mineral next to feldspar.

*QUARTZ FAMILY

A non – metallic refractory mineral – have high melting points.

*QUARTZ FAMILY

Quartz is a member of the SILICATE mineral group.

*True

Chemical Formula of Quartz:

*SiO2 ( Silicon: 46.74% and Oxygen: 53.26%)

Formed by crystallization of silica-rich molten rock (magma).

*Quartz

Formed in pegmatites during and after pneumatolytic process (metamorphic process due to hot
vapors)

*Quartz

Quartz grows in hot watery solution (hydrothermal environments) between 200C to 500C, often
at very high pressure.

*100C to 450C

Mostly found in igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.

*Quartz

Came from German word "feldspat" meaning a rock that does not contain a core.

*FELDSPAR FAMILY

Most abundant of all minerals.

*FELDSPAR FAMILY

Feldspar Family composes more than 70% of the earth's crust by weight.

*50%

Chemical Formula of Feldspar (Plagioclase)

*Na Al SiO

Chemical Formula of Feldspar (Potassium Feldspar) (Alkali Feldspar):

*K Al SiO

Chemical Formula of Feldspar (Soda-lime Feldspar)

*Ca Al Si₂O

A common raw material used in glassmaking, ceramics, and to some extent as a filler

and extender in paint, plastics, and rubber.

*Feldspar

Members of the Alkali Feldspar Series:

*Plagioclase and Orthoclase

PLAGIOCLASE has a CRYSTAL SYSTEM of Monoclinic.

*Triclinic

An important group of rock forming minerals occur in dark colored igneous and metamorphic
rocks rich in calcium, magnesium, iron and silicates.

*PYROXENE GROUP

Pyroxene Group shows a double chain structure of silicate.

*single

Two classification of pyroxene group.

*ORTHOPYROXENE and CLINOPYROXENE

Occurs in ferro magnesium mineral of igneous rock.

*Pyroxene

Commonly occurs in mafic and intermediate igneous rocks such as basalt,

gabbro, andesite, and diorite.

*Pyroxene-Augite

Principal component of amphibole.

*HORNBLENDE

A complex inosilicate series of minerals.

*HORNBLENDE

What is the general formula of Horneblende?

*(Ca, Na)2-3(Mg, Fe, Al)5 (AI,Si)8O22 (OH,F)2

Common constituent of many igneous and metamorphic rocks such as

granite, syenite, diorite, gabbro, basalt, andesite, gneiss, and schist.

*Hornblende

It is used for highway construction and as railroad ballast

*Crushed hornblende

It is use as dimension stone.

*cut hornblende

Form sheet like structure and can be split into very thin sheets along one direction.

*MICA GROUP

Mica Group is rich in Aluminum and Potassium.

*Magnesium

Mica Group occupy 4% of earth’s crust.

*True

Group of black mica minerals.

*MICA – BIOTITE

Chemical Composition of Mica-Biotite

*K(Mg, Fe)3(Al Si3)O10(F, OH)2

Found mostly in igneous and metamorphic

rocks.

*Mica-Biotite

used extensively to constrain ages of rocks, by either potassium-argon dating or argon–argon
dating

*Mica-Biotite

useful in assessing temperature histories of metamorphic rocks

*MICA – BIOTITE

Most common mineral of

the mica family.

*MICA – MUSCOVITE

Chemical composition of Mica – Muscovite

*KAl2(Si3AlO10)(OH)2

Formed during regional metamorphosis o argillaceous rocks

*Mica-Muscovite

Used chiefly as an insulating material in the manufacture of electrical apparatus.

*Mica-Muscovite

Used as a transparent material, isinglass, for stove doors, lanterns, etc.

*Mica-Muscovite

A rock forming mineral.

*Calcite

Considered an “ubiquitous mineral” – found everywhere.

*Calcite

A principal constituent of limestone and marble.

*Calcite

Serves as one of the largest carbon repositories on Earth.

*Calcite

Chemical Formula of calcite:

*CaCO3

Occurs in major rock-forming minerals such as limestones, marbles, and chalks.

*Calcite

Used as a construction material, abrasive, agricultural soil treatment, construction

aggregate, pigment, pharmaceutical and more.

*Calcite

A rock forming mineral under the Silicate Group.

*GARNET FAMILY

Share common crystal structure and generalized Chemical composition.

*GARNET FAMILY

Chemical Formula of Garnet Family:

* X3Y2(SiO4)3

Most common in metamorphic rocks. A few occur in Igneous rocks, especially granites and
granitic pegmatites.

*Garnet

widely used as a gemstone

*Garnet

A combustible sedimentary rock formed through the process “coalification”

*COAL

Formed from ancient vegetation which has been consolidated between other rock strata and
transformed by the combined effects of microbial action, pressure and heat over considerable
time period.

*COAL

Occurs as layers or seams, ranging in thickness; composed mostly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
and smaller amounts of nitrogen, Sulphur and other elements; also contains water and particles
of other inorganic matter.

*COAL

It is characterized by low energy content and a high ash content.

*Brown coal

It is generally unsuitable for export due to its lower energy value.

*Brown coal

Black coal is primarily used to generate electricity in power stations that are typically located in
close proximity to the mining sites.

*Brown Coal

Its primary application is in the production of electricity through combustion in

power stations.

*Brown Coal

Black coal is softer than brown coal and possesses a higher energy content.

*harder

Mainly used for generating electricity in power stations.

*Thermal (Steaming) Coal (Black Coal)

It is pulverized and burnt to heat steam-generating boilers, producing steam that drives turbines
to generate electricity.

*Thermal (Steaming) Coal (Black Coal)

Suitable for making coke, which is used in the production of pig iron (a key

component in steel manufacturing).

*Metallurgical (Coking) Coal (Black Coal)

Themal coals typically have low sulfur and phosphorous contents and are relatively scarce.

*Metallurgical Coals

This method is employed when the coal seam(s) is located near the surface. It is a cost-effective
approach as it involves removing overburden (layers of soil

and rock) to access the coal seam.

*SURFACE OR 'OPEN CUT' MINING:

In underground mining, large machinery such as draglines, shovels, and trucks are used to
remove the overlying material, exposing the coal seam for extraction.

*open - cut mining

Underground mining accounts for 60% of the world's coal production.

*True

This method is chosen when coal seams are deeper underground and cannot

be efficiently accessed through open cut mining.

*Underground mining

Open-cut mining involves creating tunnels or shafts to reach coal deposits below the surface.
Miners then extract coal from the seams using various methods, such as

room and pillar mining or longwall mining.

*Underground Mining

Petroleum is obtained from metamorphic rocks within the Earth.

*sedimentary

It is described as an inflammable (flammable) liquid composed primarily of

hydrocarbons, which make up 90-95% of its composition.

*PETROLEUM

These are molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon.

*Hydrocarbons

The remaining 5-10% of petroleum consists of various organic compounds, including oxygen,
nitrogen, sulfur, and traces of organo-metallic compounds.

*True

It is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons in various states—solid, liquid, and gaseous.

*Crude petroleum

These are saturated hydrocarbons that constitute a significant portion of crude

petroleum.

*Paraffins

Crude petroleum also contains some saturated hydrocarbons, which have double or triple bonds
between carbon atoms.

*Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

A small proportion of the crude petroleum belongs to the benzene group, which includes
aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene.

*Benzene Group

The hydrocarbons in crude petroleum can exist in different physical states, ranging from solid
compounds to liquid and gaseous forms.

*Physical States

It is mainly employed as a source of motive power, particularly in the

field of transportation.

*Petroleum

When used as a fuel, petroleum emits huge amount of smoke and leaves no ash during
combustion.

*very little

It is commonly found in sedimentary basins, which are geological formations characterized by
layers of sedimentary rocks.

*petroleum

Petroleum is found in various geological settings, including shallow

depressions and seas, both past and present.

*True

The specific oil reserves in India are linked to sedimentary rock formations from tertiary times,
approximately 300 million years ago.

*3 million

Coal originated during periods when shallow marine sediments, such as sands, silts, and clays,
were deposited. This occurred during times when land and aquatic life were abundant,
encompassing various forms of flora and fauna.

*Oil and natural gas

The source of oil and natural gas lies in the composition of animal or vegetable matter present
in shallow marine sediments.

*decomposition

It refers to the capacity of the rock formation to hold sufficient amounts of oil.

*Porosity

An oil reservoir must have adequate permeability to accommodate the desired quantity of oil.

*porosity

It is the ability of the rock to discharge oil and/or gas when a well is drilled.

*Permeability

Low permeability is crucial for the efficient flow of oil and gas from the reservoir to the wellbore.

*High permeability

This capping prevents oil from dissipating through percolation in the surrounding rocks, ensuring
the containment of the oil within the reservoir.

*CAPPING BY IMPERVIOUS BEDS

In what year did the Indian Mineral Yearbook estimated oil reserves at 468 million tons, with 328
million tons available in Mumbai High?

*1982

Reserves were estimated at 500 million tons.

*1984

At the time of Independence, India was a negligible producer of petroleum, and this status
persisted until the large-scale production from _________began.

*Mumbai High

India's first oil refinery started operating in________ at ______. For over fifty years, it remained
the sole refinery in the entire country.

*1901 at Digboi in Assam