Answers

​1. a standard would be developed for defining this number as abundant, common, frequent, occasional or rare using transect methods ; numbers of individuals would be counted; the graph is a symmetrical representation of these scale measurements
2.Sargassum muticum is abundant across a large shore distance.
4. Enteromorpha sp / Fucus spiralis / Arenicola marina;
5. cannot tolerate desiccation; cannot tolerate high salt found in evaporating tidal pools; adapted to a particular type of wave action; upper tidal species are better adapted to variable conditions that persist in the upper tidal pools;
6.Sargassum muticum and Anemonia viridis;

Answers

​1.for Suaeda, the optimum range is between 190 and 390 mM; for Eutrema, the optimum range is between 200 and 300 mM;

2. for Suaeda, the starting value of the lower zone of stress should be lower than 190 mM, but is typically placed at 25% of the value of the optimum, which is difficult on the lower end so could be placed at 40mM; for Eutrema, the starting value of the lower zone of stress should be lower than 200 mM, but is reasonably placed at 40 mM;

3. would need more data at interim values; variability within population; some growth at even very high levels; appears to be able to survive in the absence of salt so no lower limit of tolerance;

1.​in both the presence and the absence of competition, T. angustifolia does not grow beyond 110 cm; in both the presence and the absence of competition, it does not grow well out of water;

2. in the presence of competition, T. angustifolia narrows its fundamental niche to the realized niche of specializing at growth in greater depths than T. latifolia; its fundamental niche is to be found growing from about 20 cm above the water line to 110 cm below the water line; its realized niche is to grow between 18 cm and 110 cm