BLOOD

White blood cells

Platelets

Red blood cells

Artery

What is Blood?

●A collection of specialized cells
suspended in a liquid

○delivers oxygen & nutrients to body
cells

○collects waste

○distributes hormones

○spreads heat

○helps fight infection

○ Remove metabolic wastes
○ Maintain temperature, pH, and

fluid volume

○ Protection from blood loss-

platelets

○ Prevent infection- antibodies

and WBC

○ Transport hormones

○

●Average 5 liter in adult (10 pints)

●Most blood loss is replaced within 24
hours!

●

There are about one billion red blood
cells in two to three drops of blood.
For every 600 red blood cells, there are
about 40 platelets and one white cell.

●

What is Blood?

●

Plasma – liquid portion of the

blood

●This is the yellowish liquid portion of blood that
contains electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones,
clotting factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight
infection.

●

●

Leukocyte – white blood cell (WBC) They are part of the
immune system and destroy infectious agents called
pathogens.
○
vital part of immune system

What is Blood?

●Plasma – liquid portion of the

blood

●Leukocyte – white blood cell (WBC)

○vital part of immune system

●Platelet – tiny fragment, important in clotting blood

●(Thrombocytes) – The clotting factors that are carried in the plasma;
they clot together in a process called coagulation to seal a wound and
prevent a loss of blood.

●Erythrocyte – red blood cell (RBC)

○life span of around 4 months

●The most abundant cells in our blood; they are produced in the bone
marrow and contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to
our cells.

∙1 RBC contains 280 million hemoglobin

molecules

∙Life span 100-120 days and then destroyed in

spleen (RBC graveyard)

Hemoglobin

Hematopoiesis

• Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis):

blood cell formation
–Occurs in red bone marrow of axial

skeleton, girdles and proximal
epiphyses of humerus and femur

Hematopoiesis

• Hemocytoblasts (hematopoietic stem

cells)
– Give rise to all formed elements
– Hormones and growth factors push the cell

toward a specific pathway of blood cell
development

• New blood cells enter blood sinusoids

Genetics of Blood Types

• Your blood type is established before you are BORN,

by specific GENES inherited from your parents.

• You inherit one gene from your MOTHER and one

from your FATHER.

• These genes determine your blood type by causing

proteins called AGGLUTINOGENS to exist on the
surface of all of your red blood cells.

Blood Groups

What are blood types?

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/types.cfm

There are 3 alleles or genes for blood
type: A, B, & O. Since we have 2 genes,
there are 6 possible combinations.

Blood Types

AA or AO = Type A
BB or BO = Type B

OO = Type O
AB = Type AB

How common is your blood type?

46.1%

38.8%

11.1%

3.9%

Blood Rh Factors

● Identified in rhesus monkeys in 1940’s

● + (positive) have specific antigens

● – (negative) do not have the antigens

● More than 50 antigens identified

● Rh- can only be given to Rh- recipients

● Rh+ can be given to both Rh- and Rh+ recipients

Rh Factor and Pregnancy

RH- indicates no protein
RH+ indicates proteinRH+ indicates protein

Rh Factor and

Pregnancy

Rh+ mother w/Rh- baby– no problem
Rh- mother w/Rh+ baby– problem
Rh- mother w/Rh- father– no problem
Rh- mother w/Rh- baby-- no problem

RhoGAM used @ 28 weeks

Figure 17.16

Serum
Anti-A

RBC
s

Anti-B

Type AB (contains
agglutinogens A and B;
agglutinates with both
sera)

Blood being
tested

Type A (contains
agglutinogen A;
agglutinates with anti-A)

Type B (contains
agglutinogen B;
agglutinates with anti-B)

Type O(contains no
agglutinogens; does not
agglutinate with either
serum)

Microscopic

Views

Bird Blood

Cat Blood

Dog Blood

Fish Blood

Frog Blood

Snake Blood

Human Blood

Horse Blood

Granulocytes

Neutrophils- 40-70%
Eosinophils- 1-4%
Basophils- <1%

Agranulocytes

Monocytes- 4-8%

Lymphocytes-

20-45%

Never let monkeys eat bananas

Basophil

Eosinophil

Neutrophil

Lymphocyte

Monocyte

platelet

ID WBC’s

UNTIL NEXT YEAR: JANUARY

2023

Hemostasis- stoppage of bleeding

Tissue Damage

Platelet Plug

Clotting Factors

Platelets: 250,000-500,000 cells/mm3

Hemostasis:

4. Coagulation

1. Vessel injury

2. Vascular spasm

3. Platelet plug formation

Hemostasis

(+ feedback)

Prothrombin

Thrombin

Fibrinogen

Fibrin

Clotting Factors

thromboplastin

Traps RBC & platelets

Platelets release thromboplastin

Blood
Clot

Fibrin thread

Platelet

RBC

White Blood Cell

Red Blood Cell

Platelets

INQUIRY

1.

What is an erythrocyte, leukocyte, and thrombocyte?

2.

What 2 things do red cells lack compared to white
cells?

3.

The largest cells in the blood that leave the
bloodstream to become macrophages are ____.

4.

In an acute infection, the white cell count would show
as ______.

1.

Erythroblastosis fetalis , also known as hemolytic newborn
disease, occurs in ____ mothers carrying ____ fetuses.

2.

What antigens and antibodies found on AB red cells?

3.

In a transfusion, what type blood can you give a type O
person?