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Burns

❖ Burns

➢ Tissue injuries caused by contact with thermal,

chemical, electrical or radioactive agents

➢ Burns not only affect the skin but also the respiratory and digestive tract linings

➢ Burns can be life threatening

• May include dehydration, shock, and infection

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Burn Classification

● First degree (superficial) burns

○ Least serious type of burn

○ Only involve injury to the epidermis

○ Commonly caused by brief contact with dry or moist

heat(thermal burn), spending too much time in the sun
(sunburn) or exposure to chemicals (chemical burn)

○ Injury is restricted to local effects such as redness

(erythema) and acute sensitivity to touch, heat or cold
(hyperresthesia)

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Burn Classification

● Second degree (partial thickness) burn

○ Deep burns that damage the epidermis and part of the

dermis

○ Caused by contact with flames, hot liquids or

chemicals.

○ Symptoms mimic those of first degree burns, but

fluid-filled blisters form.

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Burn Classification

● Third degree (full-thickness) burns

○ Epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer are destroyed

• burns extend to the bone, muscle, tendons, nerves and some of the underlying connective tissue

• Skin appears white or charred; sensation is lost

Caused by corrosive chemicals, flames, electricity or extremely hot
objects, immersion of the body in extremely hot water or clothing catches
fire

○
Skin grafts is commonly required

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Burn Treatment

Rule of Nines

● Formula for estimating the percentage of the adult

body surface area affected by the burns

● This method assigns values of 9% or 18% of

surface areas to specific regions.

● Formula is modified for infants and children

because of the proportionately larger head

● Not accurate in children

○ Lund & Browder chart is used on children

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Skin Graft

• Skin graft: transplantation of health tissue to an

injured site

• Allograft
• Autograft
• Synthetic
• Xenograft

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Abscess

•Localized collection of pus at the infection site
(characteristically a staphylococcal infection)
•Most common sites on hairy parts of the body
exposed to irritation, pressure, friction, or moisture

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Decubitus Ulcers

Are pressure sores created on the skin when the blood supply to the skin is cut off for more than two to three hours
consistently as a result of non-movement

Skin-info: decubitus ulcers are a major concern of nursing homes,
hospitals and assisted living facilities due to the limited mobility of
some of the residents of these locations

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also known as bedsores

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Decubitus Ulcers

• Are divided into stages I-V based on severity
• Are best treated by prevention

– adding padding to wheelchairs or chairs
– turning and repositioning the body
– providing good skin care

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Common Areas for Bed Sores

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Acne

• Is an inflammatory disease of the skin
• Develops as a result of blockages in follicles

and pores

• Can be treated with medication both

internally and externally

Skin-info: Acne affects over 85% of teenagers.

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Skin Cancer

Oncology:

● Neoplasms: abnormal growths of new tissue that are

classified as benign or malignant

● Benign neoplasm--non cancerous growths composed of

the same type of cells as the tissue in which they are
growing

● Malignant neoplasm--also called cancer--composed of

cells that tend to become invasive and spread to remote
regions (metastasis)
○ They tend to enter blood and lymph vessels and

travely to secondary site

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Skin Cancer

• Can be divided into three major types:

– Basal Cell Carcinoma
– Squamous Cell Carcinoma
– Malignant Melanoma

Skin-info: likelihood of contracting skin cancer is heightened through
the use of tanning beds

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Basal Cell Carcinoma

• Is the most common form of cancer
• Is diagnosed by a biopsy and is treatable when detected

early

•Arises in the basal cell layer of the epidermis
•Flesh colored (early stage shown in the figure) or brown

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Basal Cell Carcinoma

• Is linked to a family history of the disease,

high cumulative exposure to UV light or
carcinogenic (cancer causing) chemicals

• Is usually not life threatening
• Is treated with surgery, topical

chemotherapy and
cryosurgery (freezing
off the affected area)

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Squamous Cell Carcinoma

• Is found in the squamous cells which

compose most of the upper layer of the skin

• Is caused by chronic overexposure to the

sun

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Squamous Cell Carcinoma

• Can be seen on the skin, lips, inside the

mouth, throat or esophagus

• Is characterized by red, scaly skin that

becomes an open sore

• Is treated by removal of the area and

chemotherapy

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Malignant Melanoma

• Is the most dangerous type of skin cancer
• Involves the cells which produce the skin

pigment melanin

• Can spread to other organs of the body
• Is treated by removing the affected area,

chemotherapy and reduced sun exposure

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Malignant Melanoma

• Is related to sun exposure, due particularly

to sunburns during childhood, and is most
common among people with:
– fair skin
– blue or green eyes
– red or blond hair

Skin-info: approximately 8,000 people die of Melanoma each year

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