• period when various lands developed into major world civilizations

• approximately 6000 years ago to 1019 B.E.

​Ancient History

• All civilizations in the Western achieved greater advancements merged the developments of anicient civilizations

• marine travel technology achieved greater advancements

​Middle Ages

• time of scientific development

• known as "Scientiic Revolution" which contributed to "Industrial Revolution"

• ended in 2488 B.E., 1945 (year that WWII ended)

Modern History

• after World War II

• global population has access to news and information

• period of "globalisation"

  (human communication is no longer constrained by geographical boundaries)

• first digital computer invention (1946)

Contemporary

History

Distinguishing Eras

​Thai Eras

• originated in India

• began in the year of Buddha's death (Parinibbana)

• oficial use as announced in 2455 B.E. during the reign of King Chomlao Chaoyuhua (King Mongkut)

• April 1st was the first day of the year and changed to January 1 in 2484 B.E.

Buddhist Era

• began in India 621 years after Buddhist Era began

• Thailand used the era before other systems since Sukhothai period until the middle of Ayutthaya period

• Buddhist Era=Shalivahana Era + 621

Shalivahana Era

• originated in Myanmar 1181 years after Buddhist Era

• used in Thailand became commonly the end of Ayutthaya period until the reign of King Chula Chomklao Chaoyuhua

• at present used in certain types of documents such as astrology texts

• Buddhist Era=Chulasakraj Era+ 1181

Chulasakraj Era

• 2325 B.E. as the first year of the Era (King Yodfa Chulalok the Great ascended to the throne

• Buddhist Era=Rattanakosin Era + 232

Rattanakosin Era

Distinguishing Eras

​International Eras

• first year of Christian Era or 1 A.D began in 544 B. E. and was the year of the birth of Jesus Christ

• year before that such as 543 B.E. is counted as period Before Christ, B.C.

• widely used system

• Buddhist Era=Christian Era +543

Christian Era

• used primarily in countries here majority of the population practised Islam

• First year of the era began in 1165 B.E. (622 A.D.) following the escape (Hegira) of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina on 27th of September 1165 B.E

Hijra Era