Kidney Disease

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Today we will discuss

• What are kidneys and what do they do?
• What is chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
• Ways to prevent CKD and kidney failure

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

What are kidneys and
what do they do?

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CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

How kidneys work

• Urine flows from your

kidneys to your bladder
through 2 thin tubes
called ureters

Kidneys

Ureters

Bladder

Blood enters kidneys

Clean blood
flows back
through
the body

1

2

3

Waste and extra
fluid leaves kidneys
in urine

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

What is chronic kidney
disease?

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CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

5 stages of CKD

Stage of CKD

How much damage

How well the kidneys function (work)

Stage 1

Mild

Normal to slight loss of function

Stage 2

Mild

Mild loss of function

Stage 3a

Mild to moderate

Mild to medium loss of function

Stage 3b

Moderate to severe

Medium to severe loss of function

Stage 4

Severe

Severe loss of function

Stage 5 (kidney failure, ESRD/ESKD)

Most severe

Near total or total loss of function

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

If your kidneys start to fail, you may have:

Symptoms of advanced kidney disease

Dry, itchy skin

Feeling sick to your

stomach and throwing up

Muscle cramps

Decreased urination

Not feeling hungry

Swelling in your feet

and ankles

Trouble catching

your breath

Trouble sleeping

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Have diabetes

Have high blood pressure

Have a family member with

kidney disease

Are Black, Hispanic, Native
American, or Asian Pacific

Islander

Are over 60 years old

Have heart disease

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2020.

Who can get CKD?

Anyone can get CKD. You may be more likely (at risk) to get CKD if you:

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

American Diabetes Association, 2020.

Diabetes and CKD

• Diabetes is a disease in which you have too much sugar in your

blood

• Over time, high blod sugar can damage small blood vessels in your

kidneys and cause CKD

Diagnosed diabetes

Fasting blood glucose

A1C test result

Normal

Less than 100 mg/dL

Less than 5.7%

Prediabetes

100-125 mg/dL

5.7% - 6.4%

Diabetes

126 mg/dL or higher

6.5% or higher

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

High blood pressure and CKD

• High blood pressure means your heart is working too hard.
• Blood flows through your arteries, veins, and blood vessels with too much

force.

• This can damage the vessels in your kidneys and cause CKD

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2021.

BP stages

Systolic

Diastolic

Normal

Less than 120

and

Less than 80

Pre-high

120-129

and

Less than 80

High — Stage 1

130-139

or

80-89

High — Stage 2

140 or higher

or

90 or higher

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Ways to prevent CKD
and kidney failure

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CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Be active
Control your blood sugar if

you have diabetes
Eat healthy
Control your blood pressure if
you have high blood pressure

It is often possible to prevent CKD or slow it from
becoming kidney failure

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Eat healthy

To prevent CKD, diabetes, and high blood pressure:
• Limit your intake of salt and sugar
• Choose healthy fats
• Eat more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
• Control portion sizes

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Limit sodium to 2,300 mg or less a day

• Limit foods and meals that have added salt,

such as processed food and packaged snacks.

• Eat fresh or frozen vegetables, or use

foods that say “no salt added”

• Use fresh or dried herbs, lemon juice, or

other spices to flavor your food.

• Drink water instead of sports drinks or soda

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

• Choose lean meats or fish
• Try beans, lentils, or quinoa instead of meat

Learn about the 3 types of fats:
• Choose unsaturated fats: liquid at room temperature like olive or canola oil

and heart-healthy, like avocados and nuts

• Limit saturated fat: solid at room temperature like butter or the skin on

chicken

• Avoid trans fats: man-made fats, like hydrogenated oil

Choose healthy fats

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Control your serving sizes

• Eat slowly (about 20 minutes) and stop when full
• Check the nutrition label to find the serving size
• Measure or estimate food for the correct serving size:

1 teaspoon is about the
size of the tip of your
index finger

A small fist

is 1 cup

A cupped hand

is ½ cup

3 ounces of lean
meat is about the
size of your palm

1 tablespoon of oil is
about the size of the
top half of your thumb

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Eat more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains

• Fill your plate with more fruits and

vegetables

• Choose whole grains like

whole-grain pasta, whole-wheat
bread, oatmeal

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Be active

• Being active can help control blood pressure and diabetes and keep a

healthy weight

• Set a goal to be active for 30 minutes a day, 5 days per week
• Start slowly – add an extra activity into your routine, such as a walk after a

meal

• Find activities you enjoy, like walking, dancing, gardening, or playing a sport

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Other ways to prevent CKD

Quit smoking

Limit alcohol

Talk with your doctor

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Treatments for kidney
failure

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CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Main treatments for kidney failure

Dialysis

Medical management

Kidney transplant

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

What is dialysis?

Hemodialysis

(HD)

Peritoneal dialysis

(PD)

10-15%

• A treatment to clean the blood when the kidneys stop working

• It does some of the work that the kidneys did

they were healthy – but it can only do 10-15% of what
a normal kidney does

• There are 2 types:

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Dialyzer: a filter that cleans your
blood by removing some of the
waste and extra fluid

Needle in your arm connects to a
tube that carries blood from your

body into the machine

Tube that carries cleaned blood
back to your body

Hemodialysis
machine

• Uses a machine to clean your blood
• Can be done in a dialysis center or at

home, during the day or at night

• In-center treatments usually happen 3

days per week, for about 4 hours each
time

Hemodialysis

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Kidney transplant